Tsiku lokumbukira anthu amene anakhudzidwa ndi njala: mbiri ndi makhalidwe

Tsiku lokumbukira akuvutika chifukwa cha Holodomor chikondwerero makamaka Ukraine ano, koma yoyenera kuchita zinthu zimenezi ndi limati zina. Makamaka, njala Soviet Union, kunachitika mu 1932-1933. Kwenikweni yokutidwa m'dera la Kazakhstan, ndi North Caucasus, dera Volga, Western Siberia, Belarus ndi Ukraine. Osachepera tsoka zakhudza Armenia ndi Azerbaijan, zigawo kum'mawa kwa USSR pa nthawi imeneyo, komanso dera la dera Moscow ndi kumpoto zina, ngakhale kuti anali yambiri, ndipo wosapatsa ulimi.

Njala Russia wakhala zingapo zaka

Mu prerevolutionary Russia zaka Taphunzira sanali osowa. Choncho, akukhulupirira kuti chosowa chakudya anauzidwa mu 1880, 1892 (makamaka Taphunzira chaka) 1891, 1897-1898., The vuto adali 1901, 1905-1908, 1911 ndi 1913 ankalemekeza. Koma kukumbukira akuvutika Holodomor ngati si akulemekezedwa, chifukwa ngakhale kukolola zoipa, ovulala misa sanali mwa anthu. Koma anali kuchepetsa okwanira mu moyo chifukwa ntchito achiŵiri, m'malo kupanga zonse kunachitika. Dziwani kuti boma anayesa kuletsa zotsatira za kulephera kwa mbewu mwa chilengedwe m'matangadza tirigu ndi zosowa zawo wa zaka njala. Makamaka, dongosolo lino makamaka bwino ntchito mu 1911.

Choyamba wolakwiridwayo njala mu ulamuliro wa Soviet

Zingapo zochitika zosiyanasiyana atamwalira Wamkulu October Socialist utasintha, amene Pambuyo nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Komanso, kulandidwa ulamuliro wa tsarist mperekezi wa First World nkhondo. Chifukwa vuto la ulamuliro ndi chipwirikiti cha dziko, njala yoyamba mu nthawi Soviet chinalembedwa mu 1921-1922, pamene inayamba chilala, amene walimbitsa alipo mavuto gulu ndi asilikali. Waukulu madera anakhudzidwa anali ndiye Volga ndi Yuzhnyy Ural. Tsiku la chikumbukiro akuvutika chifukwa cha Holodomor pankhani imeneyi si anaika, ngakhale chiwerengero cha anthu amene ali chidwi Russia - 5 miliyoni. zinali kwambiri kuti boma Bolshevik kutenga thandizo la maiko Western n'kulanda chuma ambiri mpingo pansi napemphera monyenga mpumulo njala.

Imfa ya anthu mlandu dongosolo?

Memory wa akuvutika chifukwa cha Holodomor wa 1932-1933 akulemekezedwa makamaka chifukwa panalibe prerequisites Mwachibadwa lotereli mu nthawi ino - zaka, monga kuyenera 1921 mu 1946, sanali wouma. Choncho, imfa ya anthu ambirimbiri waliwongo boma chikominisi (malinga ndi Baibulo anavomera mwalamulo). Bukuli lili ndi mfundo yakuti boma Soviet mu 1927, kuyamba ndondomeko kumaliza collectivization mu ulimi njira chogonedwa monyengeleredwa, kuyambira pa 95% mbewu katundu acreage nkhani theka la mlingo chisanadze nkhondo. Anakonza mbali ya kuthamanga pa alimi wolemera, amene pambuyo kukhazikitsa kwachititsa chakuti wachinyamata chopindulitsa anathawira kumzinda, ndi za miliyoni 2 anchito wanzeru kwambiri anatumizidwa ku madera kum'mawa kwa dzikoli (kumene njala akuwonetseredwa asang'ambe).

Chiwonongeko cha "kulaks" kwachititsa dontho mu ntchito mphamvu kuyenerako

Tsiku la chikumbukiro akuvutika Holodomor, mwatsoka, Zingathedi phwando mogwirizana ndi zolakwa Kale utsogoleri Union, chifukwa mfundo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kusowa kwambiri mphamvu kusodza ndi kuwonongeka lalikulu mu Choyenereza selhoztruzhennikov mu zigawo kwambiri zingamuthandize a dziko ndi nyengo 1931 kubzala. Alibe luso ulimi khalidwe pakati otsala alimi kunja wamba kwatanthauza kuti minda si bwino agwira (Kupalira ngakhale anatumiza Red Army), ndiponso kusonkhanitsa chinatayika kuti limodzi mwa magawo asanu a mbewu okwana.

Kuchepa kwa theka la mbewu, ndipo akuvutika miliyoni Kazakhstan

Holodomor Chikumbutso Tsiku mu Ukraine akhoza sakanati udzakhazikitsidwa ngati, mu 1932, kuti, pa nthawi ya mabwalo a Union, ataima kumanzere 40 peresenti ya yokolola. Pa nthawi yomweyo pafupi nambalayi (36%) analembedwa magwero kwa hleborobnyh m'munsi ndi Upper Volga. Choncho, Ukraine ndi vuto nthawi kuti ali "wodwalayo anzake" - Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan. The peculiarity wa Ukraine n'chakuti njala ya zaka yokutidwa pafupifupi lonse la m'gawo lake, ena olemba mbiri a molakwika ankakhulupirira kuti anauzidwa mwachindunji ndi chiwembuchi a mtundu Chiyukireniya. Mu Kazakhstan, kumene simukondwerera tsiku la chikumbukiro akuvutika Holodomor mu nthawi yomweyi ya njala anafa pafupi 2 miliyoni anthu, ndi pafupifupi theka la anthu ameneŵa anasiya malo awo okhala ndi kusamukira m'madera ena.

Achire wa ulimi anali limodzi ndi kupondereza

Pamene Ukraine chikondwerero kukumbukira akuvutika Holodomor? Tsiku la mwambo umenewu unakhazikitsidwa ndi Chiyukireniya Pulezidenti Leonid Kuchma ndi kugwa Loweruka lomaliza la November (1998). Kuyambira 2000 mpaka lero, osati kokha kulemekeza kukumbukira anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi njala, komanso pokumbukira amene anazunzidwa, imene 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 20 panali kwambiri mu USSR kale. Makamaka mu 1932-1933, pa njala, izo Analeredwa Chilamulo "Pa makutu zisanu" pamene njala poyesa kupeza kumunda ndi mapesi zingapo za tirigu iwo akanakhoza kuwombera (verdicts zoposa zikwi ziwiri kukakamizidwa) kapena kutsutsa (za mlandu 52 000 anthu). Ndipo izo zonse zikuchitika pa maziko a withdrawals chachikulu cha ulimi njira kwambiri wodyerana. Anthu atichotsa ntchito, kumenyedwa, kuwombera, zii m'manda ku maenje pa lamba, kuzunzidwa, anakakamizika kumwa madzi wothira palafini, yosalongosoka nyumba zawo ndi ena. Choncho pa 593 matani tirigu chinapezeka.

Ikulu kusintha mu ziyenera a akufa

Memory za anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi Holodomor m'madera onse a mayiko ambiri, amalemekezedwa lero achibale ena a amoyo. Ndipo zimene zikuchitika ndiye pali siyenera, chifukwa zochitika pa zaka zonsezi anali oposa zomvetsa chisoni. Mu Ukraine, mu 1933 amafa m'madera ena anafika peresenti zana, tsiku kufa 25 chikwi, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amene akhudzidwa anali - malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana - anthu mamiliyoni 4.6 (ofufuza French) miliyoni khumi (Tsatanetsatane wa Congress US mulole mu lonse la USSR). Ziwerengero enieni ndi silingakhale kamodzi kudziwika monga ziwerengero Soviet idaleka kugwira wovulalayo mu April 1933, pamene nambala anafika anthu miliyoni 2.42 okha Ukraine. Komanso akuti mu zaka za njala anabadwa miliyoni ana Chiyukireniya.

anthu Modern akalemekeze chikumbukiro akuvutika Holodomor. Photos wa zaka zoopsa zambiri tionetseni odya anzawo m'madera osiyanasiyana a Soviet Union ndi zotsalira za anthu amene akhudzidwa awo. Total ku Ukraine anawalemba mwalamulo (kachiwiri, mpaka April 1933) nkhani 2500 wa kudya (kupha kudya kenako) ndi kudya mitembo ya akufa. zochitika sayenera mobwerezabwereza, makamaka mu chi zenizeni mamiliyoni mazanamazana anthu padziko lonse adzavutike kwa zakudya m'thupi.

Holodomor Chikumbutso Tsiku nthawi ino wakhala mwina ndi mitu zongopeka yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Chiyukireniya Pulezidenti Viktor Yushchenko inaika lamulo njala Ukraine (panthawi imeneyo) imatengedwa kuti ndi kuphana ndi anthu kukana wake ndi chilango chake ndi chilamulo monga kuchita ndi oletsedwa umalimbana chitonzo mtundu Chiyukireniya, ndi kunyoza kukumbukira a mamiliyoni a anthu. A Unduna Woona za okhonda Akuluakulu a ku Russia amakhulupirira kuti kuzindikira njala ndi yoona ndi mmodzi ndiye amaganiza, kuyambira akhudzidwa osati Ukrainians, komanso m'mayiko ena ambiri.

Ukrainians chabe ulemu kukumbukira akuvutika Holodomor. 2014 anali nazonso kuti ichi - m'mizinda yambiri zapita ntchito ziwalo ndi kuika maluwa kwa chipilala kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha vutoli.

Mabaibulo zina mwa zifukwa zimene zimachititsa mlingo mkulu imfa mu 1932-1933.

maphunziro Mwamwayi kuti zovuta zimene zinachitika Soviet analemba ndithu mfundo chidwi - pakati pa anthu akufa nambala inayake anthu amene simunataye ku mkhalidwe njala chigoba, koma m'malo mwake, kwambiri kutupa. Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha njala mu 1933, zomwe zimachokeradi kapena mu 1921 kapena 1946, zaka Taphunzira, kapena ngakhale mu anazinga Leningrad. Milandu kutupa zinachitika ngakhale mabanja okwanira zobisika chakudya kuti akuyenera akulankhula za kukhudzana ndi poizoni chakudya monga njira - chiyambi mafangasi. Makamaka mu zaka, m'minda ya Eastern Europe izo mwalamulo analemba matenda ngati a mkate "dzimbiri" omwe anamenya kale theka la mbewu m'madera ena, kuphatikizapo Ukraine. Kotero mwinamwake anthu ena sanafe njala, ndi kuledzera chifukwa cha khalidwe osauka wa zokolola, kuti si angasokoneze ukulu wonse wa mavuto. Memory za anthu amene akhudzidwa ndi Holodomor ku Ukraine ndi zina Soviet Union moyenerera kusunga njira kuti zinthu ngati sizidzachitikanso.