Apadera Russian anthu. Umunthu mbiri ya Russia

Russia wakhala kusowa kwa anthu kwenikweni luso amene, ngakhale osati pa mpando wachifumu, kumakhudza yaikulu pa chitukuko cha dziko. Pakati pawo - asayansi ndi olemba, akatswiri luso ndi apaulendo kwambiri, ofufuza olimba mtima ndi agonjetsi a Siberia, inde asilikali ... Ndipo, ndithudi, olamulira apamwamba. Koma iwo onse ogwirizana ndi chinthu chimodzi - chikondi cha dziko limene iwo ankakhalira, apeza zinthu zawo zazikulu ndi anamanganso kwambiri.

Kodi inu mukukumbukira pamene inu mukuwona akuti "lalikulu Russian anthu"? List nthawi zambiri chimodzimodzi:

• Kwa akazembe ndi anakumbukira Zhukov, Kutuzov ndi Suvorov.
• Ngati ife kulankhula za sayansi wotchedwa Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Pavlov.
• Pakati pa olemba mwa mpikisano Pushkin, Lermontov ndi Chekhov.

Inde, anthu aakulu onse Russian, ngakhale ngati inu lembani iwo dzina, musati "woyenera" m'nkhani ino, kotero ife kuyang'ana pa ena a iwo. Komanso, "pakati pa mizere" mu nkhaniyi amatchulidwa umunthu ena ambiri, amene ayenera kudziwa munthu aliyense ophunzira.

Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov

Ndani sadziwa za munthu ameneyu, chimene sayansi zoweta mu nthawi ake anapanga yojambula weniweni M'maso latsopano? Mwatsoka, zonse kumbukirani, mu zofunika zimene ankayenera kugwira ntchito ndi kuphunzira nyale m'tsogolo. Komabe, anthu ambiri kwambiri mu mbiri ya Russia sanali otsatira mwanaalirenji: waluntha asilikali mtsogoleri Suvorov zambiri ankakonda kugona pamatabwa, ndi kudya chakudya chokha yosavuta msilikali.

Misha anabadwa mu banja Vasiliya Dorofeevicha ndi Helena, 8 (19) November 1711. Mosiyana ndi mabuku ambiri mbiri, banja sanali osauka. Monga ananena Mikhail yekha, amake pafupifupi sanakumbukire pakuti anamwalira oyambirira, ndipo analankhula za bambo ake monga "munthu wabwino ndi wokongola m'zonse, koma ndaleredwa mu umbuli wathunthu." Komabe, izi njira ntchito ofotokoza kuti anthu ambiri a m'nthawi imeneyo.

Michael anakhala pang'ono ndithu mosangalala ndiponso motetezeka, koma atate wake anakwatirana kachitatu. Kusankha anali Irina Semenovna Korelskaya. Boy mkazi pomwepo anaonekera "oipa, nsanje ndi adyera ondipeza." Oddly moti anali amene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri moyo wake. "Zlobstvuya ndi othamanga" mu mkukhudzika wake mabuku, ondipeza anaganiza zoyesa njira kutsimikiziridwa kuti kukwatira akachite wosakhazikika. Lomonosov, mwamsanga pamene anamva za cholinga ichi, nthawi yomweyo anathawira ku Moscow.

Saint Petersburg

Mu 1731, wasayansi wodzakhala ku likulu lakale lachifumu, kumene moyo watsopano amayamba ndi nkhani chigawenga: kuti kukalembedwa ku yunivesite anakhumba, mnyamatayo ali naye akupeka zikalata, naonekera monga mwana wa m'banja lachifumu a. Ngakhale lero kuchita zimenezi likuoneka kuti mavuto aakulu, ndipo ngakhale panthawi imeneyo zinali zinadzala ndi chilango cha imfa, kotero kuti achinyamata Michael ankasiyana zachilendo mtima ndi chilakolako chofuna kudziwa!

Komabe, pafupifupi onse anthu chapadera cha Russia konse mantha kwambiri ..silinaona. Choncho, Mikoyan ndege mwina yekha amene anganyoze pa mawu ofanana ndi Stalin.

Phunziro kunja

Zaka zinayi wadutsamo inatenga Mikhail Vasilyevich ku sukulu zingapo, koma m'chaka cha 1735 anam'tumiza St. Petersburg, mu umodzi wa mabungwe a mu phiko la Russian Academy of Sciences. Pali posakhalitsa anakhala ngati zinthu kwambiri wasayansi, kosiyanasiyana "mosadziletsa kumulakalaka zatsopano yowopsa." Powona talente yake, utsogoleri okha chaka amatumiza anyamata ndi zingamuthandize katswiri kuphunzira kunja Freiburg. Mwatsoka, pafupifupi otchuka onse Russia pa nthawi anakakamizika kupeza maphunziro awo konsekonse, monga kwa Petro mu dziko lathu panali ochepa kwambiri aphunzitsi abwino kwenikweni.

Monga mu Russia, ophunzirawo ntchito yovuta kwambiri: nthawi zonse analibe ndalama kwa chakudya wabwinobwino, osanenapo mabuku, mapepala ndi zovala. Tinali kutuluka, kuchita ntchito yonyozeka. Sagona mokwanira ndi kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, pamodzi kwambiri m'maganizo, kwambiri anagwedezeka thanzi la ophunzira onse.

Bwererani ku Russia

Mu 1740 wasayansi anabwerera ku Russia. Panali zifukwa ziwiri: kusafuna anayambitsa mwanjira muli ana awo ndi kusiyana okhazikika ndi aphunzitsi German. Kunyumba iye koyamba bwino, ndi kale mu 1745, Mikhail Lomonosov anakhala katswiri wa zasayansi. zaka 34 zokha, tsono kwa nthawi zimenezo zinali basi osaneneka! Monga anthu onse lalikulu la Russia, iye sanali onyada, kupitiriza ntchito popanda yopuma, musaiwale kuonetsetsa nthawi iliyonse ophunzira awo.

Umatchuka ndi kukhala nthawi zonse kuchita nkhondo yadzaoneni ndi kutsutsana polemic ndi G. F. Millerom ndi ena "Germany", naike nanyozedwa "dala manyazi anthu Russian, kusafuna kuzindikira zipambano za m'mbiri." N'zosadabwitsa kuti ambiri mwa adani ake akhala adani a pulofesa wamng'ono. Komabe, iwowa sanali mphwayi: Michael nthawi zonse zikugwira sayansi, kulipira msonkho wapadera kwa zimapangidwira. Ngakhale n'kosavuta dzina m'dera chidziwitso umene sukanakhala yang'anirani ntchito kuposa wina! Lomonosov amasowa kumbuyo osewera ake okha, komanso kwa asayansi ena mwa iwo anali tsogolo anthu otchuka Russia.

Ngakhale chiyambi German G. V. Rihmana, amene anafa pa nthawi ya mayesero ndi magetsi, koma ali otanganidwa za banja lake mabonasi wamakhalidwe ndiponso wankhanza okha mawu akukangana ndi ogwira amene safuna kuzindikira chopereka wa womwalirayo mu chitukuko cha sayansi.

Anzake ndi adani

Mu zaka zonse kukhala mu St. Petersburg pa University panali ambiri abwenzi ndi adani ambiri, omwe amasowa nsanje wabwino ndi iye lachifumu bwalo. Pamene 1765 anamwalira ndi chibayo kwambiri, otchuka pa nthawi imeneyo, wolemba ndakatulo Sumarokov anati mwambo umenewu ndi chisoni, "Lezani wopusa adzakhala phokoso kwambiri!" Mwamwayi, nyota University kunali kwakukulu, ndi zina zambiri olambira moona mtima abwenzi ndi ophunzira kuti si nsanje ya iwo amene adakunyoza ankafunika kusamba mu ulemerero.

Mwatsoka, ambiri kanjedza mbiri ya Russia sunapewe tsoka chomwecho. Great, Pushkin, "chirichonse wathu" chinaperekedwa ku mabwalo lolemera wa kuzunzidwa kwambiri. Wolemba ndakatulo sanali kulunjika wake ndipo safuna kukhala ngati ogwira. Ndipo zimene anali anthu apadera a Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 19? Nthawi, pamene tsoka la dziko kwa zaka zambiri?

Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky

Ngakhale mu West, pamene pali kwambiri amakonda kuzindikira ubwino wa mwathu muno, Tsiolkovsky kwenikweni ulemu. Onse yachilendo kwambiri kuti anthu ambiri otchuka wa Russia monga nthawi, ndi nthawi yathu, iwo sakudziwa. Kwa nthawi yaitali ankakhulupirira kuti Konstantin E. - ". Malingaliro chachilendo kwambiri ndi sayansi zolakwika" monga eccentric kwambiri wasayansi ndi

Iye anabadwa mu 1857. Monga mwana, ndinali wokangalika ndi wosakhazikika mwana amene akufuna kusewera nacho choipa nthabwala: adagulung'undisa pafupifupi tsiku lonse sledding, wotopa ndi yasintha, anali ozizira kwambiri. matenda pafupifupi namupha. Pambuyo achire, kunapezeka kuti Kostya mwanjira akumva mawu mokweza.

Zotsatira, chiyambi cha maphunziro

Kumva imfa Komabe, zinachititsa chakuti mnyamatayo mosatsata zosangalatsa mwachizolowezi anzake, iye wayamba kuonetsa chidwi patsogolo luso lapadera, zotsimikizira mitundu yonse ya zamanja lodabwitsa ndi osangalatsa. Akudzuka ludzu wosazima kudziwa.

Pafupifupi anthu onse kwambiri Russian anali enieni khalidwe yemweyo: pa nthawi ina luso gunsmith Fedorov kuwerenga mabuku pa okonza ndi zida zankhondo ankachititsa zikwi zatsopano ndipo anamanga chiwerengero zosaneneka za njira tsimikizira mbalume zawo.

Mu 1869 Kostya amapita kusukulu. anakumbukira kuti "Kuphunzira anapatsidwa ndi vuto lalikulu, monga mphunzitsi, ine sindinayambe pafupifupi anamva, yekha anachita chilankhulo bwinobwino." Mu 1870, mchimwene wake wamwalira, ndipo pasanapite nthawi amapita kumanda, ndi mayi ake, sangathe kubala uthenga uwu. Constantine amakhala ovuta kwambiri.

Moscow

Atate, powona zina zochititsa chidwi mwana, aganiza kuti amutume kwa Moscow (1873), yopemphera kwa School of Engineering. Kumene, chifukwa cha imfa kumva sizinagwire ntchito. Koma tsogolo la malo kufufuza nyenyezi afuna kukhala mu Moscow, chinkhoswe kudzipatsa maphunziro. Atate mwana anajambulitsa 10-15 rubles pamwezi. Zinali ndalama wamakhalidwe kwambiri m'masiku amenewo, koma Kostya anadya yekha wakuda mkate ndi madzi tiyi.

Yankho lake ndi losavuta: mu mwezi masenti 90 okha yaikulu pa chakudya, ndi china chirichonse anali kukagula mabuku, zipangizo ndiponso zinthu zina zofunika zatsopano. Mu zaka zitatu zokha, kuchokera mu 1973 mpaka 1876-TH, mosatopa Tsiolkovsky nthawi kuti adziwe pafupifupi zolimbitsa thupi pulogalamu kwathunthu paokha, atakhala kunja kwa masiku malaibulale pa Moscow mabungwe. Mu 1876, bambo lipoti kuti thanzi lake anali atakula kwambiri, ndipo amachititsa mwana wake ku Kaluga.

ntchito yophunzitsa

Constantine anabwerera kunyumba osati theka wogontha, komanso kwambiri kusokoneza masomphenya. Mwamwayi, bambo ake anali yaikulu komanso chikugwirizana, kupanga zosavuta kuti atenge mnyamatayo ndi chiphunzitso malo pa sukulu ina yapamwamba. Pali anadziwika moti anapha iye chayamba ophunzira.

Mu 1878 banja anasamukira ku Ryazan. Pali kupitiriza kuphunzitsa, Tsiolkovsky kutenga mayeso zonse. Ngakhale kuti sanali chidwi zamulungu, ndi zofunika zina kwa sayansi, anatha mu nthawi yaifupi akhoza kuphunzira zonse muyenera ndi kudzawala ayesedwe. Ndipotu, ndi ludzu zosaneneka kwa zinthu zonse zosiyana kanjedza mbiri m'dziko lathu. Choncho, mfumu yaikulu Peter Wamkulu, amene analandira maphunziro abwino kwambiri, kodi patangotha maola ochepa kuphunzira ambiri mitunduyi zovuta masamu, kuti yomweyo ntchito kuwerengetsera ovuta kwambiri pomanga zombo.

ntchito sayansi

Patatha zaka zitatu zokha analemba buku lake "Chiphunzitsochi mpweya" (pamanja patsogolo nthawi yathu sizinawakhudze). Kutalikirana kwa wasayansi kuchokera kwa anthu ammudzi kafukufuku wachita naye nthabwala zoipa anatumiza mawu a ntchito yake Mendeleev anayankha kuti mfundo zonse anauyamba lemba, izo ndi zoona mwamtheradi ... ndizo basi kafukufuku alibe phindu, popeza anapeza oposa 25 zaka zapitazo.

Komabe, kulephera kwa "Russian Space atate" sindinadandaule, ngakhale okwiya. Monga kanjedza ambiri mbiri mu Russia, iye anali ndi khalidwe amphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi zikufanana kwambiri munthu amene anapezerapo mwayi wa ntchito wake: Yuri Gagarin anali mmodzi wa ntchito zambiri ndege yoyamba mu mlengalenga, koma chifukwa cha zinafuna ndi khama la Jura ndi dzina padziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa aeronautics

Mu 1885, pamene iye anali usinkhu wa zaka 28 zokha basi, Tsiolkovsky kale anali ndi ntchito zabwino m'munda wa aeronautics. nkhani zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri, koma chifukwa kuyambira anaganiza kuthana yekha ndi zofufuza mderali.

Mpaka 1917 wasayansi pafupifupi chaka anatumiza drafts mipukutu mabungwe osiyanasiyana sayansi dziko, anayesa chidwi industrialists awo chitukuko. Izo zinali zonse sizinathandize, kuti palibe munthu wakumvera. Mwa nzika Tsiolkovsky linachita oopsa eccentric, ndi kokha mobwerezabwereza kupembedzera kwa mkulu mpongozi adampulumutsa kuchotsedwa ndi chizunzo.

Ndipotu anthu ambiri chabwino cha Russia, ndi m'mayiko ena pa moyo wake sanamve kuchokera m'nthawi yake palibe wabwino, ndipo ambiri a iwo anamwalira mu umphawi ndi kuda.

Kuzindikila

Pambuyo utasintha, moyo wa wasayansi anakhala zosavuta. Kale mu 1918 potsiriza mpake anasankhidwa aulemu membala wa Academy of Sciences, ayamba kulipira gawo labwino. Komabe, si onse ndi duwa: mu 1919 mu nyumba ya wasayansi zinapha ambiri monga asanu zovala wamba, kenako masiku Tsiolkovsky asanu pokhala mafunso mu kosungira wa Lubyanka.

Anasunga umboni wa mboni kuti anali kachiwiri chifukwa cha ukali, koma chozizwitsa zimachitika: wina ku mabwalo apamwamba latsopano Soviet boma ntchito wasayansi zinkaoneka zofunika, koma chifukwa adzamasulidwa yomweyo, popanda malipiro. Mu 1935 Tsiolkovsky, kukhala zaka kale akale, iye analemba kalata kwa Stalin, limene anasonyeza chiyembekezo amantha kuti kafukufuku adzakhala kupenda osachepera mphamvu Soviet, monga mwa zaka za m'mbuyomo, "Iye anali atatopa ankamenyetsa mutu wanu mu umbuli ndi anzake." Oddly zokwanira, koma Stalin akadali limatulutsa kalata zosiyanasiyana makalata, kutumiza wasayansi anayankha.

Mmenemo adayamika Tsiolkovsky pa chopereka kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha sayansi, chilango kupitiriza kafukufuku wawo. N'zomvetsa chisoni, patangopita wasayansi izi akudwala khansa m'mimba. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, ambiri a ntchito za anthu kwambiri akhala kwathunthu ndikusinthidwa: ndi akatswiri a ndege ndi zida zomanga mafakitale ndipo kenako anapeza kuti pa zaka khumi asanayambe kufufuza kwambiri m'madera amenewa, akale codger ku Kaluga kale kutali patsogolo pa nkhani imeneyi.

Tsiolkovsky chiphunzitso za chitukuko cha danga kwambiri, yomanga zombo mu kanjira dziko lapansi, panafunika kuti tikhazikitse midzi yaitali pa Moon ndi Mars ... Zonsezi ndi lero wapeza chitsimikiziro ntchito za akatswiri a masiku ano. Kukumbukira maina a anthu aakulu Russian sadzaiwala Tsiolkovsky!

Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky

Tonga Russian enumeration wa otchuka, sitingathe kuyiwala za atsogoleri a asilikali amene zochitika osati opulumutsidwa dziko ku kuwukira. Kotero anali Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky. Anabadwa strategy tsogolo mu 1896, pa nthawi ya Russian Ufumu. biographers wake kuti Ndipotu iye anabadwa mwamsanga 1894. Koma mwanjira pang'ono yafupika m'badwo yopemphera kwa utumiki mu Soviet Army. Kuyambira ali mwana anasonyeza mphamvu ndi chilakolako usilikali.

Pa First World nkhondo, iye usilikali pa maziko kwawo. Kale mu 1915, inali kuperekedwa kwa Cross wa St. George mlingo lachitatu, koma choyenera mphoto chifukwa cha chisokonezo malamulo ndipo sanapeze. Mfundo anapatsidwa maganizo a Soviet Union kuti malamulo, izo sizinali choncho zoipa.

Mu 1917, iye ankalimbikitsa kapitawo sanali analamula, koma chabe chaka chimodzi Regiment wake unatha kwathunthu, ndipo Rokossovsky anali kupitiriza kutumikira wamba Red Army. Komabe, misonkhano lake Konstantin Konstantinovich msanga anasamutsa kwa mkulu squadron. Pa Civil nkhondo, mu 1919, anadula imfa mu kusimidwa nkhondo saber mmodzi wa akuluakulu Kolchak a.

Patapita chaka anakhala kazembe wa munthu apakavalo Regiment. Iye anakhala nawo pafupifupi nkhondo yaikulu ya nthawi imeneyo, ankawerenga ntchito za Tukhachevsky, limene ambiri podcherpnul zothandiza. Zonsezi, komanso ubwenzi wake ndi ena anazunzidwa kenako atsogoleri ndipo sanali analamula kapitawo mu utumiki wa Imperial Army anamangidwa wake mu 1937. Ndipotu, mu izi "mavuto" anali mafanizo ambiri mbiri nyengo: ndi Korolyov chomwecho, atate wa pulogalamu Soviet danga, anakhala mbali yaikulu ya moyo wake kumbuyo mipiringidzo.

kumangidwa

Mpaka 1940 mu ndende. The absurdity wa ake omaliza anali kuti "anamangidwa pa chidzudzulo Adolfa Yushkevicha," yemwe anali mnzake wa Civil Rokossovskogo. Apa okha Konstantin ankadziwa kuti bwenzi lake anali atamwalira kale, koma chifukwa sangathe kupereka umboni wotsutsana naye. M'pomveka kunena kuti si nthawi zonse chitsutsocho analungamitsidwa.

Choncho, mu yonena za Rokossovsky zinali M'nkhani ya pamene iye anakwezera Gulu lake mu nyengo oipa kwambiri (zinali m'dera Trans-Baikal). Anthu anali bwinobwino zovala ofunda, akavalo anaphwa kolido yaitali. Motero, mbali ina ya ogwira anafika frostbite, ambiri anafa ndi chibayo ina. akavalo ambiri anathyola miyendo yawo. Tsogolo polimbana anali mwayi chabe kuti zochita zake zinali oyenerera monga "chosasamala" ngakhale nthawi womwe unachitikira pansi pa 'zonyoza zimayenda "ndi kuphedwa pansi pa malamulo a nkhondo.

The Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo ndi nthawi unawonongedwa

Mwangwiro anadziwika mu Nkhondo ya Kursk, pamene anamasulidwa, Belarus. Anzawo ndi adani chikondwerero talente yake undoubted asilikali. Nkhondo itatha, iye anachita zambiri kubwezeretsa Russian (Soviet) chikoka mu Poland kwawo. Monga ziwerengero zonse zazikulu zakale, iye anagwira popanda yosalekerera yekha. Monga waluntha mtsogoleri wa asilikali Zhukov, amene anatsogolera Soviet Army, Rokossovsky sanathe kugona kwa masiku pamene zinthu alamula kutero. Tikumbukenso kuti Marshall wakhala ankati wake motsimikiza kuti: ". Asilikali ankhondo ayenera kukhala pamwamba ndale, asilikali sayenera kulowerera pa izo" Makamaka chifukwa cha ichi, iye ankalemekeza ngakhale "ogwira" nyengo Soviet.

wodzudzula ambiri olembedwa pa Rokossovsky, sanali pochitika ndendende chifukwa kunyozedwa. Aliyense ankadziwa kuti Konstantin si kungofuna perturbations mu echelons akuluakulu a mphamvu, koma nawonso ankawatsutsa alowererepo pa nkhani zandale.

Munthu uyu anamwalira mu 1968. Mu Rokossovskogo kukumbukira zalembedwa mabuku ambiri komanso mabuku, kugwira wake ndi zipilala angapezeke mu lonse Soviet Union. Maphunziro kuti nkhani ya usilikali, ndiponso Machenjerero amene analemba Konstantin komabe anaphunzira maphunziro lankhondo la Chitaganya cha Russia.

M'nkhani ino lalikulu kanjedza mbiri - ngati inu mukumvetsa, osati zimene sitingathe kunyadira. A mndandanda wa anthu onse otchuka kuti dziko lathu kalipo kwambiri, ndi wautali kwambiri. Ndipo dzina lililonse ndi osachepera mwachidule amatchula ntchito kwa dziko lawo, sikokwanira kwa buku zokhutala.

Amene anali anthu wamkulu mu Russia? Kungakhale kulakwa kuti asonyeze ena okha a iwo. Tiyeni tingonena kuti anali anthu enieni ndi likulu kalata. Iwo sakudziwa napempha kutchuka, koma anayesera mwakukhoza monga mmene angathere kuti agwire ntchito imene kumatanthauza dziko kwa iwo. Ndithudi kamodzi mabuku lisindikizidwa, umene anasamutsa kwa anthu apadera a Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 21. Ife chokha chimene kukumbukira a m'nthawi yawo kulola kunena za anthu amenewa.