Ufumu kalembedwe a zomangamanga kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi amakono. Zitsanzo za nyumba, zithunzi

Kotala zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi m'malo classicism anabwera ina yatsopano zaluso ndi zomangamanga - Ufumu. zomangamanga anayamba kuoneka makhalidwe ake khalidwe - ndi yaikulu massiveness ndi zinthu kudzikondweretsa kukongoletsa. Ufumu kalembedwe unachokera mu ulamuliro wa Napoleon. Ngakhale ena ndikukhulupirira izi ndi malangizo luso ndi mamangidwe a njira yopapatiza ndi wochepa, Komabe, anadalira pa cholowa luso la archaism Greek ndi Roma, kujambula kunja mphamvu ndi ukulu wa zinthu pretentious koma wokongola, koma kuloŵedwa m'malo - classicism - ankafunitsitsa, makamaka zinthu zofewa ndi ogwirizana.

Chiyambi cha kalembedwe ndi

Ufumu kalembedwe pa zomangamanga - ndi kupambana Chipilala, Kukhonde chachikulu ndi mizati, lalikulu zizindikiro asilikali - mlombwa nkhata .. Zida, mphungu, etc. onse a zinthu izi si kusonkhezera akumvera, koma pa nzika za anthu. Izi ndi zimene akuwonetseredwa mu chofunika ndi kozama Interiors yachifumu, kulengedwa ndi Fontaine ndi Percier. Pambuyo kampeni Napoleon ku Egypt mu kalembedwe Ufumu wa zomangamanga anayamba anayambitsa undifferentiated ndege makoma ndi pylons, stylized sphinxes. Kwa nthawi ino, mbali khalidwe ndi mwambo Iguputo pamodzi Roma organically zokwanira popanda kupita kutali eclecticism ena. Historicism - Chinthu china chimene chimasiyanitsa kalembedwe Ufumu wa zomangamanga, zomwe zikutsindika za kugwirizana ndi ukulu wa mafumu akale.

kalembedwe mfundo

Okhwima lathu maganizo okha chitukuko cha kalembedwe ndi chifukwa kuti States anthu ambiri monga "utsamunda" wakhala mphamvu anapatsa ndi Napoleon pa atagonjetsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Germany ndi Austria zachitika pa nthawi malangizo a "Biedermeier", mwina pogwiritsa ntchito Ufumu amajambulapo maluwa okongola, koma amatsutsa yokha kwa iye. Mu England panali "kalembedwe George IV», limatchedwa "British ikufuna."

Imperial Russian kalembedwe

Dziko basi kalembedwe Ufumu wa zomangamanga, ndipo osati iyo, anayamba, panali Russia. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti iye anali wokhoza kuswa mphamvu ya Napoleon, ndi kotero pano iye chapeza ake mbali mwini chosiyana. Iye anali lililonse limatisokoneza ndi zambiri ofewa. The kholo la kalembedwe Ufumu wa St. Petersburg zomangamanga ndi Rossi - Russian Chitaliyana wamanga, anakwanitsa kusalaza kuzizira wake ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi. Wina wamanga wodziwika umenewu ndi Stasov. Malinga ndi akatswiri omwe osiyana chikhalidwe anali "Moscow Ufumu" mu kalembedwe zigawo m'midzi, omwe amatchedwanso likulu classicism.

Akamaliza nthawi Chakale

Magwero a kudzoza kwa mapulani kulenga akhala Art of Ancient Greece mu nthawi chachikale chinkawavuta ndi wa Roma wa nthawi mochedwa, pamodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha Etruria, Egypt ndi mitundu ina. malingaliro pulasitiki a zomangamanga ku Egypt, undifferentiated chachikulu pakhoma kali ndi mizati chachikulu ndi mizati, kupereka momveka voliyumu lonse la molondola zojambula, etc. - .. Izi ndi zosiyana ufumu. Nyumba za m'ma 19 wakhala yosonyeza conciseness, monumentality ndi okhwima bwino ndi chosokonekera a mbali. nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa zinadziwika ulemerero nkhondo ndi ufumu ukulu, akuyendera mwa zizindikiro zambiri ndi zizindikiro.
Mu ulemerero wa Interiors ndi exteriors nyumba, katundu, komanso nyale ndi ziwiya ntchito zizindikiro zambiri za ulemerero asilikali ndi zizindikiro anaitenga ku wakale njira Roma kukongoletsa mu mawonekedwe a zikho ndi n'kukhutira, Woitana Mitsemphayi ndi mphungu, miyuni, ndipo nthawi zambiri kubwereza kalata N .

Zoterezi zokongoletsa zosowa kumatheka yekha m'mlengalenga ed m'katikati. Zitsanzo za Ufumu zomangamanga, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi yowala kwambiri zimaonetsa ndi ngongole mwachindunji mitundu ina ndiponso mitundu ya dziko cholinga cha masiku amakedzana. Mwachitsanzo, suitably inamangidwa ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi arches kupambana ndi zipilala chikumbutso.

Mu malo ya kuyengedwa ndi suoneka

Mkubwela kwa Ufumu luso ndi zazikulu ndi zambiri chadzaoneni. Pankhaniyi, m'malo subtleties woyengeka mu kalembedwe Louis XVI akubwera rationality kwambiri ndi chimwambo ndipo ngakhale pathos. Pofuna wa bourgeoisie, ndi kuwina ndi kusiya "mfumu" malangizo, kutsanzira moyo, kapena makhalidwe a Aroma wakale panali ambiri ed ndi modzionetsera. M'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ndi apamwamba ndi bourgeoisie lalikulu, lomwe French classicism wa Louis XVI anali atangothamangitsidwa anatumikira monga chitsanzo, anayamba poyera kutsatira kalembedwe lachifumu. Pambuyo ulimi mu Paris kachiwiri ku malo osiyana anasonkhana ojambula zithunzi zambiri komanso amisiri amene asankha ntchito kalembedwe latsopanoli. Ufumu zomangamanga, zitsanzo zomwe nyumba sankanyoza ngati "anasonkhanitsa 'classicism, mosiyana mumaganiza yapita nazo munkapezeka khalidwe, amene amakonda pamaziko a lamulo la kukhazikitsidwa kwa sukulu zingapo. Komabe, izi sanaleke patapita nthawi yina kubadwa Mabaibulo a Russian ya kalembedwe imeneyi.

Saint Petersburg

Izi azimuth mu 1810-1830 biennium. unayamba kuonekera mu ensembles m'matawuni akuluakulu. Zitsanzo Ufumu wa St. Petersburg zomangamanga - ndi odziwika Kazan Cathedral ndi nyumba Admiralty, ndi Spaso-Preobrazhensky ndi Troitsky aang'ono Ostrovsky Square ndi Tirhana. Pamwamba pawo ntchito mapulani amenewa otchuka monga K. I. Rossi ndi A. Voronikhin, JB Thomas de A Thomon ndi A. D. Zaharov, V. P. Stasov ndi ena.

Kunja, ndi Russian Ufumu wa zomangamanga, zitsanzo zomwe nyumba ali kwenikweni momwazikanamwazikana likulu kumpoto Akumenya makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito chakale chilolezo-kachitidwe, osati Tuscan ndi Doric. Zotsatirazi nthawi ya Alexander classicism limapezeka wofuna yowoneka, ulemerero ndi monumentality, pamodzi ndi umuna. Ufumu kalembedwe a zomangamanga, zithunzi za nyumba yomwe umboni chosokonekera okhwima ndi chofunika, pamodzi ndi kufupika kwa mtundu uliwonse ndi asilikali ophiphiritsa muli.

Chomaliza "poyambira" wa Russian Ufumu

Ufumu kalembedwe pa zomangamanga, zitsanzo za nyumba imene ambiri mu Russia Tingaone mu St. Petersburg, amafotokoza bwinobwino ndi maganizo a nthawi. The apotheosis wa malangizo Russian ndi Cathedral Cathedral St. Isake. Linamangidwa mu 1858, kulengedwa ndi Montferrand. Iwo chimapambana mawonekedwe losavuta: a kyubu ndi lalikulu, makona, yamphamvu ndi parabolic mzikiti, amene kuwonjezera chachikulu, mpingo anapatsa ena monumentality zina ndipo analenga kuona njira yomwe inayamba kale ufumu inviolability. Pomanga wa Cathedral njira patsogolo luso ntchito pa nthawi: olimba slab raft maziko, zopangidwa zomangamanga, kuponyedwa zitsulo nthiti pa domes, ndi mizati ya lubwe monoliths lonse. Kudzinyoza ndi olemera akunja chokongoletsera ndi kapangidwe zokongola.

Sunset "Golden Age"

Choncho, nthawi ya kalembedwe Ufumu wa zomangamanga wa St. Petersburg, anapangidwa ndi kumanga awiri a manda ambiri odzitukumula - milimo ya Kazan ndi Cathedral St. Isake, anamaliza nthawiyi chitukuko cha mzinda, pamene analengedwa ntchito zambiri wapadera wa zomangamanga. Komabe, ngati "Golden Age" a Russian mabuku, kupenta ndi kuimba tangoyamba Kamangidwe Russian, izo pafupi kutha.