Zitsanzo za makina a Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo yoyambirira ya zomangamanga latsopano

World zomangamanga anayamba pansi pa malamulo a mpingo wamphamvu. Zogona nyumba woganizirana anayang'ana wodzichepetsa kwambiri, pamene kachisi anakantha mwambo wake. Mu Middle Ages mpingo unkayenera zimafunikira kuti atsogoleri apamwamba analandira ndi boma, kuwonjezera, zopereka za anthu kubwera ku zosungidwa za mpingo. Ndi ndalama zimenezi, ndipo mipingo zinamangidwa Russia. Zitsanzo za zomangamanga wachibadwidwe wa nthawi imeneyo sanali wolakalakika. Komabe, m'zaka za m'ma 18, zinthu zinasintha modabwitsa. Matchalitchi ambiri aang'ono zinamangidwa kale popanda mwanaalirenji zosafunika, koma zigawo inatera, nyumba dziko la mfumu ndipo ngakhale nyumba m'madera wolemekezeka kusaka kwambiri anawonjezera kuti kuyengedwa ndi kukongola. Kalembedwe nyumba, mamangidwe a nyumba, m'misewu ndi m'mabwalo akhala mosalekeza bwino. Mapulani ankaona anthu wotchuka kwambiri.

Kumayambiriro Gothic kalembedwe

Zitsanzo wapadera wa zomangamanga wakale - kafiduro, omwe adamangidwa kuchokera m'ma 12 mu kumpoto kwa France. Yaikulu Gothic tchalitchi inamangidwa Amiens, mu 1220. Kenako yemweyo Gothic tchalitchi anamanga mu mzinda German wa Cologne, kumanga ake inatha mu 1248.

Mu kufanana ndi Gothic mu 12. - zaka 14 anayamba ndi zomangamanga Romanesque mu Ages Middle. mapulani Italy kumanga nyumba ndi mipanda makulidwe zosaneneka, nyumba ndi m'malo ngati malo otetezedwa bwino. Zitsanzo za zomangamanga Romanesque - yomanga chokhala malinga asilikali. The gawo m'munsi wakhala pacimake, achikhazikitso, yosanja inkakhala nsanja ndi turrets, kuzungulira ndi amakona anayi mu dongosolo, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. nsanja onse anali yopapatiza, mkulu mazenera tooneka ngati battlements. zomangamanga Romanesque ku Middle Ages kuti nthawi yake. Chikumenyana mabanja jousting zofunika sakanakhoza kukhala bwino yosayenera kwa chitetezo lenileni kuchokera zankhanza za mdani, ndipo banja Nyumbayi m'malinga kwa cholinga ichi.

zomangamanga wakale

Kale, zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa yomanga nyumba pagulu. Izi zinali nyumba yaikulu anaikira gulu zionetsero za misa. Roma Forum, anaikira zikwizikwi oonera yakale malo a zamalonda Greek, ndi yaikulu lotseguka dera wodzazidwa ndi anthu pa tsiku maziko, amisiri ndi amalonda. Nyumba ya ku Aigupto zimasiyana Roma, poyamba pa zonse, kuti Aigupto konse khamu la anthu linasonkhana mu malo amodzi. mbiri Aigupto mizu mwa 15 m'ma BC, pamene zomangamanga zinali za chikhalidwe makonzedwe. Nyumba anamanganso nyumba ya laimu ndi wofiira wophikidwa dongo. Za masitaelo kanthu anali wodziwika kwa Aigupto akale sanali nkhawa makongoletsedwe nyumba zawo ndi m'mene tingamangire nyumba apamwamba kupewa osefukira kuchokera osefukira wa Nile.

linalamula

Nyumba Greek wakale anali kwakukulukulu lolunjika pa ntchito yomanga nyumba ya kachisi, ena mwa amene anafika nthawi yathu. Pang'onopang'ono izo linaonekera angapo mapulani masitaelo:

• Doric - zimaonetsa, njira yosavuta wamphamvu, ngakhale ena awo heavy-handedness. mizati Doric ali pa chitoliro pamwamba, grooves kwambiri, anakafika ku m'munsi m'munsi mitu. The mizere yopingasa pa Doric - architrave ichi, chimene zikugwirizana mzati kuti mlingo wa abacus ya pamwamba chimafikira frieze wopangidwa mwa zigawo ziwiri - triglyphs ndi metopes. Onse pamodzi mawonekedwe entablement amene surmounts gezimsom, cornice ndi chidwi kunja protrusion.

• Amaayoni kuti - poyerekeza ndi ponderous Doric kufanana osiyana mosavuta. The chizindikiro chachikulu cha a amaayoni kuti ndi likulu la mapini ndime woboola awiri volute umalimbana pansi. kuti amaayoni amati ndi mapulani chosalimba kalembedwe, monga woyengedwa ndipo anawonjezera zokongoletsa. Panali cholinga pa VI m'ma BC, mu Ionia, kugombe la kumpoto kwa Nyanja Aegean. patapita zaka, zimafalikira mu Greece wakale. Nyumba zikuluzikulu kalembedwe amaayoni - ndi kachisi wa mulungu Hera pachilumba cha ku Samo, anamanga mu 570 BCE ndipo posakhalitsa anawonongedwa ndi chivomezi. Ndipo milimo kwambiri wotsogola mu amaayoni kuti ndi Kachisi wa Artemi wa ku Efeso - mmodzi wa "zisanu ndi ziwiri zodabwitsa za World."

• Korinto kuti - kwambiri posachedwapa, wosiyana zina mwambo wapadera. Mizati mu chifanizo ndi entablature amafanana zizindikiro za amaayoni dongosolo, koma abacus ndi likulu zosiyana. Korinto sitayilo yathunthu ya kukongoletsa, mitu yake pano mapangidwe zamaluwa pa wozungulira ndi mizere iwiri ya masamba acanthus. Capital komanso imakongoletsa ambiri kakombo volyutok.

"Palladianstva"

M'ma 18 zinali zodzaza ndi zikamera wa azimuth latsopano mu chikhalidwe dziko - classicism. Zonse mawonekedwe, momveka ziyerekezo ndi kutalika - awa anali i waukulu classicism mapulani. A wotsatira okhulupirika a kalembedwe wakale wa zomangamanga kachisi, ndi Venetian mbuye Palladio wophunzira Scamozzi kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chake cha classicism wakale. chiphunzitso umatchedwa "palladianstva" ndipo ankagwira ntchito yomanga m'nyumba. Kalembedwe "classicism" pa zomangamanga anasonyeza kuti zipangizo zambiri zamakono ndi wosuta-wochezeka mawu a kamangidwe ndi yomanga nyumba.

Sunset zomangamanga "Baroque"

Mwamwayi, mtengo wa nyumba ya anamangidwa mu kalembedwe watsopano, kwambiri m'munsi. Nyumba amasiyana kufupika, "kukwapulidwa kirimu" Chakumapeto Baroque chinthu chakale, ndi symmetrical classicism-ofananira kapangidwe kake ndi mfulu choletsa chokongoletsera kupeza mafani. connoisseurs Loona za katswiri mapulani anali wokonzeka kusiya Baroque ndi rococo mokomera Komiti, ndi zolemba za maphunziro, okhwima ndi kaso classicism.

Imodzi, nyumba zingapo zinamangidwa motsogozedwa ndi Andrea Palladio, wotchuka umene unali m'nyumba ya "Rotonda" pafupi Vicenza. Kalembedwe "classicism" msanga zinatchuka mu zomangamanga. Paris kwenikweni anasefukira ndi yomanga. Pansi Louis XV anamangidwira lonse mapulani maofesi, monga Concorde. Ndipo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Louis XVI "laconic classicism" lasanduka azimuth zikuluzikulu zomangamanga m'tauni. Pambuyo chilango cha French Mfumu ndi chiwonongeko cha ufumu mu 1793 ku Paris kwa nthawi yaitali kumangidwa mosintha ndi inconsistently.

Kalembedwe kamangidwe ka ufumu

Cha m'ma 18 m'ma classicism anayamba kutha, inkafunika kukonzedwanso chikhalidwe lonse ambiri ndi zomangamanga monga ziwalo zikuluzikulu.

Mu malo classicism anabwera kalembedwe latsopano zaluso ndi zomangamanga, wotchedwa ufumu umene unachokera ndipo anayamba mu France, mu ulamuliro wa Napoleon I. The zikamera wa azimuth latsopano chifukwa palibe mbali yaing'ono kuti zifukwa za ndale. Boma la Napoleon Bonaparte anayesa kukakamiza yake otchedwa "ufumu" kalembedwe a zomangamanga, pamene zinadziwika kuti classicism akubwera pafupi. Kodi wapadera ndi kumusangalatsa Ufumu komanso kamangidwe kake ena onse a zomangamanga m'ma 19 kupsa mwangwiro mu agglomerates yachifumu, koma ndi zofunika kwambiri kukhala akadali pa "mfumu" malangizo.

Mu Nyumba Russian Ufumu anaonekera mu ulamuliro wa Alexander I, amene ndi okhulupirika kwa chikhalidwe French ndipo ndinaganiza iyo woyenera kutsanzira. Nzosadabwitsa mfumu anaitanidwa wamanga ku France, Auguste Montferrand, kwa erection wa wotchuka Cathedral St. Isake. Kalembedwe pa zomangamanga - ufumu - sanali yunifolomu mu maonekedwe ake, iwo unagawidwa mu St. Petersburg ndi Moscow ndipo zinatha mpaka cha m'ma 19. Kuwonjezera Cathedral St. Isake, anamanga mu 1858, ku St. Petersburg pali mwaluso wina mu "mfumu" kalembedwe ndi Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, ndipo mu Moscow "kupambana Chipilala". Russian kalembedwe pa zomangamanga Ufumu - nthawi makumi chaka, kumanga katswiri chenicheni.

Kamangidwe zokopa za St. Petersburg

Umodzi mwa mizinda olemekezeka kwambiri mu dziko tanthauzo mapulani ndi mzinda wa St. Petersburg, kumpoto Capital la Russia. Chifukwa kupitiriza kwa Russian ndi Western European zinachitikira mapulani a m'tawuni mu XVIII - XIX zaka zambirimbiri, ku St. Petersburg, ndi yense wapadera unakhazikitsidwa. mzinda ukufanizidwa ndi khumi ndi osiyana masitaelo a kamangidwe, zogwirizana polyphony amene amalenga chithunzi lapadera kukumananso mwa nthawi zingapo mbiri chimodzi. Malire a nyengo si amadziwitsidwa, "amaona", koma zizindikiro zonse zakale alipo.

Petersburg zomangamanga zikuphatikizapo madera asanu ndi atatu amene ali wamphamvu:

• Baroque "Peter", chiyambi cha m'ma 18;
• Baroque "Elizabeth", pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18,
• Gothic, theka lachiwiri la m'ma 18;
• classicism, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18,
• Russian ufumu m'ma 19;
• Kubadwa Kwatsopano, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19,
• Akasakaniza, theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19;
• Art Nouveau, m'ma 20;

Baroque Petro - ndi wotembenuka Italy ndi French Baroque. Zingapo artsy kalembedwe kunalandiridwa Peter Ine ndi anamuperekeza wake. Komabe, nthawi zimene heyday wa Baroque, anali wosakhazikika, nkhondo zambiri unawononge- zopereka. Ntchito yomanga nyumba zatsopano underfinanced, ndipo kwakhudza khalidwe lawo. Kalembedwe Baroque zinaperekedwa yekha pamakoma a, accentuated mbali yaikulu ya mumaganiza mapulani: ndi pediments, pilasters ndi volutes, ndi spiers padengapo. Interiors The anakopeka pamaziko a Maapatimenti, izo kwambiri amachepetsa mtengo wa zomangamanga. Petrine Baroque lolamuliridwa ku St. Petersburg ku 1703 kuti 1740, pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu mu 1725 Ntchito pansi mgwirizano mapulani European anakana, koma ntchito anapitiriza kwa zaka 15.

Amene anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1741, mwana wamkazi wa Peter Ine Elizabeth adafuna centralize mphamvu, kuwonjezera, iye analinso ndi apamwamba, ulemerero, maphwando lalikulu ndi mipira. Nyumba kukwawira m'tawuni nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth anakhala traceable pomposity ndi pretentiousness, kotero kuti yokha adanyamuka kalembedwe "Elizabethan Baroque". The wamanga chachikulu cha nthawi anali Bartolomeo Rastrelli, amene analenga mwaluso a zomangamanga zofunika dziko - yozizira Palace, yomwe ili Palace Square, lomwe imatchedwanso ndi "Hermitage" monga Museum.

List a zomangamanga, anamangapo nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth ndi Baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Chilimwe Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), amakhala waliteteza.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), amakhala waliteteza.
• Smolny Cathedral, anamanga ku St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Oyendayenda Palace pa chapakati legeni (1751 - 1754), amakhala waliteteza.
• The Catherine Palace mu Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Chiyembekezo (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-Epiphany Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Nyumba Shuvalov pa msewu Italiya (1753 - 1755).
• Zima Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Nyumbayi Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), amakhala waliteteza.

Gothic ku St. Petersburg

mzindawo pa Neva ndi umodzi mwa mizinda kwambiri wapadera mu dziko limene chikhalidwe ndi osiyanasiyana. zomangamanga Gothic anaonekera St. Petersburg mu 1777, zinali Chesma Palace ndi Chesma Church. Monga momwe zilili ndi "Baroque Petulo", nyumba izi kwathunthu kukumana kalembedwe. zinthu Gothic ntchito ngati zinthu kunja - pamakoma, zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso angapo turret, spiers mkulu. Kuchitira nyumba ya nyumba anachita ntchito chiwembu chosavuta. Ndipotu, zinali zabodza Koma m'zaka 19 ambiri mipingo ndi nyumba yakale zinamangidwa.

Kalembedwe kamangidwe ka "classicism" wakhala yapangidwa nthawi kuchokera 1760 chaka 1780. Petersburg pa nthawi anali wokonzeka kusintha. Nyumba, anamanga mu kalembedwe chakale, ifeyo mu malo m'tawuni. Mwa nyumba kwambiri chidwi ndi izi:

• "Imperial Academy of Wabwino Tirhana", anamanga pa Vasilevsky Island mu zaka 1764 -1788.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Akulendewera Gardens wa Hermitage Small (1764-1775).
• Chiameniya Church (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Migodi Institute of Mfumukazi Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism anali wotsogolera kuyendera St. Petersburg ku Russia Ufumu. Kusintha malangizo kwachitika padera. Ngakhale kalembedwe mapulani a unali mu ankafuna ku France monga mbali ya kusintha mofulumira zikuchitika mu dziko. Izi zinasonyeza kuti zokhumba za Napoleon ndi chizindikiro cha moyo watsopano kwa French. A Russian ufumu m'malo mwa classicism, silisintha. Petersburg zomangamanga mwakuchita malamulo yake. A kukhudzanso mapangidwe ake anali chikhalidwe French.

Zomangamanga & Photography

Ntchito yomanga nyumba ndi sacral, nyumba Manor ndi m'mipingo, Kundende ndi maudindo kunyumba. Kapangidwe iliyonse yomwe zogwirizana ndi moyo anthu anali kukhala mbali mapulani. Ena a nyumba za zinamangidwa mogwirizana ndi aesthetics malamulo zomangamanga, wamanga zambiri anakwanitsa iyende chidwi. Katswiri wa luso mapulani anali chiwembu, chifukwa zithunzi analibe kulibe. Photo luso anatuluka ndipo anayamba yekha mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo amatha m'malo chifaniziro chithunzi. Zomangamanga - nthawi zonse chithunzi m'malo ovuta, ndi mithunzi ambiri ndi malankhulidwe ndi wabwinobwino sanawauze ndi daguerreotype, bwalolo amalandira yekha lathyathyathya banga ndi contours wochenjera. Ndipo aluso anapitiriza kudzatunga.

Koma patapita zaka zambiri, bwino chithunzi, ndiyeno nthawi pamene nyumba chimatheka Chithunzi. Zomangamanga, umapereka tingachipeze powerenga, ndi "nyimbo mazira", ndi angati akanafuna nyimbo amasunga kukumbukira mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi. Anthu anafunsa ndi maziko a m'nyumba zawo kapena kuyesera kuti mupewe pafupi ena nyumba wotchuka. Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana a zomangamanga, zomwe zithunzi ndi nyumba ankaona mawonekedwe abwino, anakhala otchuka. Mu masiku oyambirira a kujambula zithunzi ambiri anali mwina banja, kapena ndi zithunzi za nyumba.

Masitaelo zomangamanga ndi zitsanzo

Zitsanzo za kamangidwe zosiyanasiyana masitaelo, aliyense wa iwo ali mbali zina zomwe dera, ambiri umwini ndi nthawi imene nyumba iyi inamangidwa.

Payokha, masitaelo wotchuka a zomangamanga angapereke zitsanzo konkire:

• Ufumu - "Chipilala ya General Wogwila" mu St. Petersburg yachifumu Square (1819 - 1829), katswiri wa zomangamanga Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Utatu Cathedral mu Alexander Nevsky ansembe yotchedwa" (1776 - 1790), ndi mmisiri wa zaka. St. Petersburg;
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), katswiri wa zomangamanga khunyu, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" mu St. Petersburg, pa Nevsky Chiyembekezo (1752 - 1754), katswiri wa zomangamanga Rastrelli;
• Kubadwa Kwatsopano - The Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" mu Florence (1417 - 1436), katswiri wa zomangamanga Brunelleschi;
• Nouveau - "Nyumba ya woimba" mu St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), katswiri wa zomangamanga Suzor.

Zitsanzo za zomangamanga umboni chitukuko cha Mitundu yosiyanasiyana zaka zambiri.

Zitsanzo yoyambirira ya zomangamanga masiku ano

Masiku ano, dzikoli lili ndi mapulani zokwanira kulenga amene kuthana ndi ziwembu ultramodern. zina ziri mwangwiro yothandiza khalidwe, koma pali anthu kuti angatchedwe pachiyambi. Mwachitsanzo, mu Japan, otchuka pakhomo pa mipira. Pamene dziko la dzuwa likutuluka chivomezi, amisiri Japanese anayamba wakhala nyumba mipira waukulu opangidwa ndi nsalu kwambiri cholimba. Choncho, pa chivomezi nyumba likungoyamba kupeta, kusinthasintha zivomezi zina simungathe kuchita kanthu koyipa kwa iye.

Palinso nyumba loyambirira, lomwe ndi zotsatira za kamangidwe malingaliro kulenga. Wotchuka Spanish mzinda wa Barcelona, umene moyenerera lili pa nambala yoyamba padziko lonse chiwerengero cha nyumba ija, mapulani analenga mwaluso wina. Izi nyumba, kuona "mozondoka". Kapangidwe waima pa denga ndi zachilendo kumasangalatsa ake alendo.