Kupezeka kwa Pole South. Roald Amundsen ndi Robert Scott. okwerera Research ku Antarctica

Kupezeka kwa Pole South - umene unalembedwa zaka zambiri loto la ofufuza kumalo ozizira - mu siteji komaliza m'chilimwe cha 1912 ankaganiza khalidwe la mpikisano wotanganidwa pakati pa maulendo a limati awiri - Norway ndi UK. Pakuti kale, kuti inatha mu chigonjetso, ena - ngozi. Koma, ngakhale, kuwatsogolera ndi ofufuza kwambiri Roald Amundsen ndi Robert Scott kalekale analowa mbiri ya chitukuko cha Africa chimodzi.

The ofufuza loyamba la kum'mwera M'madera a zitunda kumalo ozizira

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Pole South anayamba zaka pamene anthu ali yekha zingaoneke kudziwa kuti penapake m'mphepete mwa Chigawo kum'mwera kuti kuuluka. Woyamba wa a panyanjawa, amene anakwanitsa kufika pafupi naye, anali Amerigo Vespucci, n'kuyamba kusambira mu South Atlantic ndi 1501 anafika M'madera a zitunda makumi asanu.

Ichi chinali chi pamene wachita zazikulu atulukira lawolawo. Mwachidule, longosolani kukhala awo mu izi M'madera a zitunda kale kuwerengedwa (Vespucci sanali kokha oyendetsa sitima, koma wasayansi), anapitiriza ulendo wake wopita ku kugombe la watsopano, apeza Africa - America - kuvala dzina lake masiku ano.

The dongosolo la kuphunzira M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera, poganiza kuti dziko osadziwika pafupifupi atatu patapita zaka anayamba wotchuka England Dzheyms Kuk. Iye anali wokhoza kuti tiyandikire ake kwambiri, kufika mu izi kufanana makumi chachiwiri, koma kupititsa patsogolo zina kum'mwera kupewedwa namkholowa Antarctic ndi akuyandama ayezi.

Kutsegula kwa Africa chimodzi

Antarctica, MUTI South, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - lamanja kutchedwa mpainiya ndipo trailblazer icebound dziko ndi ulemerero ofanana zochitika ankabwerera ambiri. Mu XIX atumwi osaleka zoyesayesa za kugonjetsa Africa chimodzi. Iwo anali nawo m'sitimayo wathu Mikhail Lazarev ndi Faddey Bellinsgauzen, amene watitumizira Russian Society Geographical, England Klark Ross yemwe wafika kufanana makumi chitatu, komanso angapo ofufuza German, French ndi Swedish. Korona makampani izi bwino kokha kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma, pamene Johann Australia Bullu anali ndi mwayi woyamba kuponda phazi pa gombe ndigwira osadziwika Antarctica.

Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi mu madzi Antarctic anathamangira osati asayansi, komanso whalers zimene nsomba ozizira nyanja zinali kuchuluka lonse. Chaka ndi chaka, katswiri gombe, siteshoni kafukufuku choyamba, koma Pole South (mfundo yake masamu) akali kufikako. M'nkhaniyi, ndi sharpness zachilendo funso linauka: Ndani adzatha kumenya mpikisano ndi amene dziko mbendera woyamba vzovotsya kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa dzikoli?

Mpikisano kwa Pole South

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX, ziwembu zingapo kugonjetsa ngodya angaloŵe a Dziko Lapansi, ndipo nthawi iliyonse ofufuza zambiri kumalo ozizira anakwanitsa kufika pafupi naye. The zotsatira za Iyeyu adadza mwa October 1911 pamene Khoti Loona za maulendo awiri - British, kutsogozedwa ndi Roberta Folkona Scott ndi Chinorowe, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi Roald Amundsen (South Pole kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo anali wokondedwa maloto a), pafupifupi imodzi kupita ku kugombe la Antarctica. Iwo anatchulapo ochepa mailosi zana.

Modabwitsa, woyamba Norway ulendo sanali kupita mkuntho South Pole. Amundsen ndipo mamembala ake oyendetsa anatumizidwa ku Arctic. Ndi kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi lili pa zolinga za kuyenda panyanja wofuna. Komabe, njira analandira uthenga umene wa North Pole wapereka kwa Achimereka - Cook ndi Peary. Posafuna kusiya kutchuka kwawo, Amundsen mwadzidzidzi anasintha anatembenukira kum'mwera. Choncho iye anatsutsa British, ndipo iwo sakanakhoza kuyimira ulemu wa mtundu wawo.

Goliyati Robert Scott, pamaso kuthera yekha zochita kafukufuku kwa nthawi yaitali akhala mkulu wa asilikali apanyanja Ukulu wake ndi kupeza zinachitikira okwanira mu lamulo la Nkhondo ndi cruisers. Pa pantchito anakhala zaka ziwiri pa gombe la Antarctica, kutenga mbali ya pasiteji kafukufuku. Anafika pofuna kupeza kuti mtengo, koma popeza anasamukira kwa miyezi itatu pa mtunda wautali kwambiri, Scott anakakamizika kubwerera.

Madzulo a kumenya zikuluzikulu

Machenjerero kukwaniritsa zolinga mtundu wachilendo "Amundsen - Scott 'magulu sakadamwalira. Galimoto yaikulu ya British anali Manchurian ponies. Low-kukula ndi Hardy, ali mwangwiro yosayenera kwa zikhalidwe za M'madera a zitunda kumalo ozizira. Koma kupatula pa kutaya anzake panali makolo mu Zikatero, galu sledding, ndipo ngakhale zachilendo wangwiro zaka - snowmobiles. Norwegians lonse anadalira huskies kutsimikiziridwa kumpoto, amene ayenera onse pamodzi njira kukoka sledges anayi, tyazhelogruzhenyh zida.

Ndipo onse a iwo akubwera mwa njira ya kutalika mailosi eyiti njira imodzi, ndipo ngati zambirimbiri (ngati kukhala ndi moyo, kumene). Patsogolo pawo anali kuyembekezera oundana, olimbika ming'alu malire, zoopsa ozizira, limodzi ndi blizzards ndi snowstorms, ndipo kwathunthu kumatha aone, ndipo mbali ya Zikatero, frostbite, kuvulala, njala ndi mitundu yonse ya mavuto. The mphoto ndi chimodzi mwa magulu anali kukhala ulemerero wa apainiya ndi ufulu hoist mbendera pa mtengo wa mphamvu yake. Ngakhale Norwegians kapena British sanakayikire kuti masewero ndi ofunika kandulo.

Ngati Robert Scott anali luso navigation ndipo zimachita, ndi Amundsen anali bwino kuposa iye ngati odziwa wofufuza kumalo ozizira. The kusintha chofunika mtengo unachitika overwintering pa Africa Antarctic, ndi Chinorowe anali kusankha kwa iye malo abwino kuposa mnzake wake British. Choyamba, msasa wawo inali pafupifupi mazana makilomita pafupi ku mapeto mfundo za ulendo kuposa British, ndipo kachiwiri, njira kuchokera kwa North Pole, Amundsen kunathandiza, iye anatha pochitika kumadera ponseponse aakulu ozizira ili nthawi ya chaka ndi mikuntho osaleka ndi blizzards.

Chigonjetso ndi kugonjetsedwa

Chinorowe kumuwombera anatha njira yonse ndipo anakonza kuti abwerere kwa msasa m'munsi, anasowa pa lalifupi Antarctic chilimwe. Tikhonza amasirira luso ndi nzeru zimene Amundsen anakhala gulu lake kupirira mwatsatanetsatane zosaneneka za analemba wake zotsatirazi Zithunzi. Pakati pa anthu amene anakhulupirira, panalibe osati akufa, koma ngakhale kuti kuvulala iliyonse yaikulu.

Ndithu tsoka osiyana ankamuyembekezera maulendowa wa Scott. Pamaso pa gawo akwaniritse njira, pamene cholinga anali zana ndi makumi asanu, anatembenuka membala wotsiriza wa gulu thandizo, ndipo asanu ofufuza British itagwiritsidwa okha sledges lolemera. Ndi nthawi iyi akavalo onse adagwa pansi, wasimidwa, sledges galimoto ndi agalu ankangomumwaza kudya ndi ofufuza kumalo ozizira - anali kupita miyeso kwambiri kuti apulumuke.

Pomaliza, January 17, 1912 chifukwa cha khama kwambiri anafika mpaka masamu wa Pole South, koma apo iwo anali kuyembekezera anakhumudwa zoopsa. Kuzungulira anasenza kuda anapita pano pamaso Otsutsa iwo. Zipsera chisanu zinkaoneka skid sleds ndi yoteroyo galu, koma ambiri mokhutiritsa umboni kugonjetsedwa lamanzere pakati pa hema ayezi, imene anaulukira mbendera Norway. Mwatsoka, Mipukutu ya ku Pole South anatayika.

About anakhumudwa ndi okhwima mwauzimu a gulu lake, Scott anasiya zolemba tsikulo. Lowopsya kukhumudwa analumphira Britain mu mantha weniweni. Usiku wotsatira anakhala maso. Iwo kulemedwa lingaliro la momwe iwo adzayang'ana pa maso pa anthu amene mazana a mailosi wa njanji ku South America achisanu, kuzizira ndi kugwa mwa ming'alu, ndipo anathandiza afike Tambasula wotsiriza wa njira ndi kutenga zoopsa, koma analephera kuzipeza kumenya.

tsoka

Komabe, ngakhale zonse, akasonkhanitse mphamvu ndi kubwerera. Pakati pa moyo ndi imfa anaikidwapo mailosi eyiti kubwerera ulendo. Amayenda limodzi mafuta wapakatikati msasa ndi katundu wina kumalo ozizira catastrophically kutaya mphamvu. malo awo tsiku lililonse likadutsa anayamba chiyembekezo. Patapita masiku ochepa kuyenda kwa nthawi yoyamba msasa anachezeredwa ndi imfa - anafa wamng'ono wa iwo ndipo ankaoneka amphamvu thupi Edgar Evans. mtembo wake m'manda mu chisanu ndi ataunjikidwa katundu floes ayezi.

Wozunzidwayo lotsatira anali Lawrence Oates - mkulu wa dragoons, amene anapita ku North Pole, yotengeka ndi ludzu ulendo. Mavuto a imfa yake ndi chidwi kwambiri - frostbitten manja ndi miyendo amazindikira, kumakhaladi wolemetsa kwa comrades wake, usiku chinsinsi kuchokela aliyense anasiya malo a kukhala ndi kupita mdima moti kwawo kumudzudzula okha ku imfa. thupi lake anali silinapezeke.

Yapafupi wapakatikati msasa anali khumi okha pa mtunda, pamene mwadzidzidzi ananyamuka Mkuntho, kwathunthu kukusalani kuthekera patsogolo. Atatu England anali mu ayezi ukapolo, asakhalenso dziko, osauka zakudya ndi mwayi uliwonse konzekera.

Kuswa la chihema chokumanako, ndithudi, sizikanakhoza kukhala chirichonse ngati pogona odalirika. Kunja mpweya kutentha wagwa kwa mlingo wa ^-40 ° C, motero, pakalibe chotenthetsera unali pang'ono apamwamba. Izi sioneka wa March Mkuntho konse anamasulidwa iwo kuchokera kukumbatira awo ...

mzere posthumous

Patapita miyezi sikisi, pamene zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni za ulendo linaonekera, ndi yopulumutsa anatumizidwa pofunafuna ofufuza kumalo ozizira. Pakati ayezi kuwoloka, iye anatha kupeza nyimbo chisanu chihema ndi matupi a ofufuza atatu British - Genri Bauersa, Edvarda Uilsona ndi mkulu Robert Scott.

Pakati pa zinthu za anthuwo anapeza zolemba Scott, ndipo kuti Owapulumutsa anadabwa, matumba a toyesa Geological anasonkhana pa otsetsereka a miyala chotuluka ku glacier. Amazipanga, Angerezi atatu analimbikira kuti angakokere miyala, ngakhale pamene panali pafupifupi palibe chiyembekezo cha chipulumutso.

Mu zolemba zake, Robert Scott, ndi zambiri ndi kusanthula zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zoopsa, anatamanda abwino ndi amphamvu wofuna ngati m'munsili comrades wake. Pomaliza, amanena za anthu amene manja udzapeza tsikulo, iye anafunsa kuchita chilichonse Pofuna kukhala anasiya banja lake. Kupatulira mizere ochepa nalo mkazi wake, Scott anauza Esitere kuti amaonetsetsa kuti mwana wawo Anaphunzitsidwa yoyenera ndipo anali kupitiriza kafukufuku.

Mwa njira, m'tsogolo, mwana wake Peter Scott anatchuka kwambiri okhala amene pamoyo wake kutetezeredwa chuma dziko achibadwa. Akulowa m'dziko basi kuti tsiku limene bambo ake anapita kwa otsiriza mu moyo wake ulendo, anakhala ndi zaka kucha n'kumwalira mu 1989.

kulira Public anayambitsa mavutowa

Kupitiriza nkhaniyo, tisaiwale kuti mpikisano wa maulendo awiri, chifukwa cha zomwe kunali kutsegulidwa kwa mmodzi wa Pole South, ndi zina - imfa zotsatira zosayembekezereka kwambiri. Pamene anamaliza chikondwerero cha zimenezi, yofunika anapeza Hrs, moni chete ndi mawu anafa kutali chimwemwe, panali funso za mbali ya makhalidwe ya zimene zinachitika. Panalibe kukayika kuti chifukwa zotsalira za imfa ya British anali mu maganizo kwambiri chifukwa cha chigonjetso cha Amundsen.

Osati Britain komanso atolankhani Norway ali atamunamizira mwachindunji motsutsa posachedwapa wolemekezeka wopambana. Ine funso wololera: anali lamanja makhalidwe anakumana ndi kuyesedwa kwambiri kuphunzira M'madera a zitunda kwambiri Roald Amundsen kujambula Kuthi adversarial wofuna, koma wopanda luso kofunika Scott ndi anzake? Unali olondola kumuitanira kugwirizana pamodzi kuzindikira zolinga zathu?

mwambi Amundsen

Atamupatsa Amundsen izi ndipo ngati iye chovuta kuti mosadziwa waphetsa anzake British - funsolo muyaya amene amafotokoza. Komabe, anthu ambiri amene ankadziwa wofufuza Norway, ananena kuti anaona zizindikiro bwino kusokonezeka maganizo. Makamaka, umboni akanatha kukhala zoyesayesa ake mundikhululukire anthu, si achilendo chikhalidwe chake wonyada ndi penapake odzikuza.

Ena biographers amakonda kuona umboni lomwe yekha mlandu mu zochitika za imfa ya Amundsen. Amadziwika kuti m'chilimwe cha 1928 anapita ku kozizira ndege, sulivshy imfa yake zina. Kukayikitsa kuti anali ataneneratu kumbuyoko wake zimayambitsa imfa mwini wadzipangira maphunziro. Osati zokhazo, Amundsen analowezedwa kuti zonse ndi kulipira angongole ake, iye kugulitsa zonse katundu, ngati panali adzabwereranso.

Six m'maiko lero

mwanjira ina, ndipo anapeza wa Pole South chaperekedwa kwa iwo, ndi ulemu wa palibe mmodzi sadzatenga. Lero, kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Dziko imachitika afufuza kwambiri. Pamalo kumene Norwegians kuyembekezera mokondwera ndi British - kukhumudwa kwambiri lero siteshoni Mayiko kumalo ozizira "Amundsen -. Scott" dzina lake yosaoneka ogwirizana awa awiri olimba mtima wogonjetsa M'madera a zitunda kwambiri. Chifukwa cha iwo, MUTI South padziko lapansi amaona lero monga chinthu bwino ndi bwino n'kotheka.

Mu December 1959 izo anamaliza ndi pangano mayiko pa Antarctica, poyamba lalembedwa ndi limati khumi. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, dziko lililonse ali ndi ufulu kuchita kafukufuku lonse la Africa kum'mwera kwa dziko la kumpoto sixtieth.

Chifukwa lero lino, maofesi ambiri kufufuza Antarctica zikukwaniritsidwa mapulogalamu zotsogola sayansi. Today pali zoposa makumi asanu. Pa kutaya asayansi osati kudzera lapadziko wa kulamulira chilengedwe, komanso ndege ngakhale makina. Iwo ali nthumwi zake pa Africa chimodzi ndi Russian Society Geographical. Pakati pa zomera alipo pali anamenyela, monga "Bellingshausen" ndi "Friendly 4" ndipo watsopano - "Russian" ndi "Chitukuko". Chirichonse limasonyeza kuti masiku athu lekani lalikulu atulukira lawolawo.

A mwachidule mbiri ya mmene wolimba Norway ndi British apaulendo, kunyoza ngozi, nafuna cholinga wokondedwa, koma akhoza kupereka mavuto onse ndipo sewero la zochitika zimenezo. Cholakwika atiyese nkhondo yawo monga kulimbana kufuna kudzisangalatsa. Mosakayikira, mbali yaikulu iwo ankaimba ndi ludzu anapeza namanga pa wakutemwa woona, chilakolako amanena kutchuka kwa dziko.