Pamwamba mavuto: ambiri mauthenga ndi tanthauzo kwachilengedwenso

pali magulu lumikiza osiyana pamwamba ndi zakuya (mkati) pakati pa zigawo za mamolekyulu madzi. Mamolekyulu mu wosanjikiza pamwamba linakonzedwa kukopa amaganiza ku zigawo zakuya ndi zigawo zakuya za mphamvu ya kukopa pakati mamolekyulu matanthauzo moyenera. Mamolekyulu a wosanjikiza pamwamba amakopeka ndi tinthu mpweya ndi awiri ang'onoang'ono, mphamvu zawo chotsatira imatsogoleredwa kunsi, ndi pamwamba wosanjikiza mamolekyulu monga anakoka zigawo kwambiri. Pamwamba nkhawa, nayenso, zimadalira chikhalidwe cha madzi ndi mapangidwe malire, yozungulira kutentha, pamaso zosafunika mu zakumwa ndi zina zotero D..

Kuonjezera pamwamba pa madzi ayenera kuchita ntchito ina ndi mphamvu za mavuto padziko. Kuyambira mfundo za mavuto padziko zimadalira kukula droplet, ndi meniscus, kuchuluka kwa thovu mpweya kudutsa madzi, wettability ndi odana wettability a padziko madzi a olimba ndi ena.

Pamwamba mavuto mphamvu komanso amadalira kuthamanga nthunzi pamwamba madzi: apamwamba a nthunzi, ang'onoang'ono a mkati madzimadzi kuthamanga. Ngati madzimadzi ndi m'mphepete mwa mpweya, molekyulu a wosanjikiza ake pamwamba pafupifupi osati pansi mphamvu yokoka ku gawo gaseous. Nthawi anthu kumene nthunzi kuthamanga pamwamba ukuwonjezeka madzi, mavuto ake pamwamba adzakhala zochepa. Choncho, mamolekyulu a wosanjikiza pamwamba simuli moyenera, kotero dongosolo pa mawonekedwe nthawi zonse ena owonjezera ufulu mphamvu. Ndi zinthu zina zonse chimodzimodzi, ubweya uyu ndiye wamkulu kuposa lalikulu padziko. Malinga ndi lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, dongosolo amamuchititsa kuchepetsa mphamvu mkati. Choncho, ndondomeko kuchepetsa mawonekedwe ndi ndondomeko palokha. N'chifukwa chake madzi amene si chinachake mphamvu iliyonse, ndipamene mpira mawonekedwe, kuyambira mawonekedwe chotero ali pamwamba osachepera wina kuchuluka.

Ukulu wa zotsatira pamwamba mavuto ndi kuchuluka kwa hydrocarbon kwakukulu mankhwala. Choncho, ngati ife zidulo carboxylic zambiri za zomwezo magazi mndandanda (HCOOH, CH3COOH, S2N5SOON, S3N7SOON), mavuto padziko amachepetsa monga unyolo elongation awo carboxylic - nthawi 3.2 kwa gulu lirilonse CH2.

Pamaso zosafunika zinthu zosiyanasiyana mthupi amakhudza kukula kwa mavuto padziko. zinthu zambiri, makamaka organic, kuchepetsa mavuto padziko. mankhwala amatchedwa surfactants (mapuloteni, ya ndulu zidulo, sopo, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, tannins, etc.). Zinthu lake pamaso si kwambiri bwanji mavuto padziko amatchedwa pamwamba-anafooka (fructose, shuga, wowuma, etc.). Kuchepetsa mavuto padziko ndi zofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya mayamwidwe zakudya madzi epithelium wa mucosa matumbo. Choncho, mafuta ndi lipids ena mu njira chakudya analandira mu mawonekedwe a m'malovu. m'malovu awa emulsified ndi ya ndulu mu intestine kakang'ono ndipo kenako kudzera kwa pogawanikana pamawere hydrolytic wa lipase ndi michere ina lipolytic. Powonjezera zakumwa surfactants kumawonjezera luso lawo kunyowetsa pamwamba. Pamene ntchito tizirombo nthawi zambiri anawonjezera sopo, amene amalola kuti kukhudzana kwabwino ndi thupi pamwamba tizilombo ndi kupereka ntchito insecticidal.

Pamwamba mavuto a madzi: Njira kudziŵa

Pali njira kwa kudziwa mavuto padziko: stalagmometrichesky, kusintha zochotsa madzi mu capillary, ndi kuthamanga kwambiri mu thovu la mphete kulekana.

The zambiri ntchito njira stalagmometrichesky zochokera ntchito chipangizo wapadera - stalagmometry. Ndi capillary chubu ndi chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi zizindikiro ndi kutambasuka. Mu stalagmometry anaimba madzi chizindikiro, inatuluka kuti akatulutsidwa ndi kuwerenga nambala ya m'malovu. Pambuyo pake, chinthu chomwecho amachita nawo mayeso madzi. Kachitidwe padziko magulu mavuto chifukwa madzi ndi madzi afanane ndi madontho globular.

Pamwamba mavuto mu moyo wa zamoyo

Pamwamba mavuto ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu kudziŵa mawonekedwe a khungu ndi ziwalo. Khola - ndi maziko tinthu amoyo nkhani amapanga thupi, nyama ndi zomera. Maselo kuti ndi amphamvu ndi okhwima padziko (zomera, tizilombo), pamwamba mavuto Mtengo wochepa. maselo ambiri nyama mu thupi ali ndi mawonekedwe pafupi ozungulira. Low mavuto padziko amalola maselo mosavuta kwa anthu wina ndi mzake. Fomu maselo Ufumuyo maselo ena kapena gawo lapansi, kumatengera zifukwa zina - wa cytoskeleton anapanga Kakhungu zovuta, nyumba kukhudzana, etc. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo (mwachitsanzo, leukocytes ndi dzira) kuti amasuke ku zochita za mavuto padziko kukhala mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi kutaya ntchito. . kusintha Local mu mavuto padziko amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu maganizo ndi kufala kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha phagocytosis, pinocytosis, gastrulation amoeboid kayendedwe, makamaka permeability wa nembanemba selo.