Alexander 2: chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, zimayambitsa kusintha

anali ndi udindo Alexander 2 chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom chiyani? N'chifukwa chiyani anaganiza kuti wamba ufulu? Pa mafunso amenewa ndi ena ife adzayankha m'nkhani ino. Wamba kusintha tinalepheretsa serfdom mu Russia inayamba mu 1861. Iwo unali umodzi wa masinthidwe kwambiri za mfumu.

chifukwa chititsimikizira

Wotchuka Alexander 2? Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom - ndi ngongole yake. N'chifukwa chiyani kufunika kwa kusintha wa imeneyi? Preconditions kwa zikamera ake inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka XVII mochedwa. zigawo zonse za anthu ankaona serfdom ngati chodabwitsa chiwerewere, umene ndi manyazi Russia. Ambiri mukufuna kuona dziko lawo ali pa ndime ndi maiko a ku Ulaya mu panalibe ukapolo. Choncho, boma la Russia anayamba kuganizira za chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom.

zifukwa zikuluzikulu zomwe kusintha:

• Chifukwa ntchito si lokhalamo serfs (serfdom osauka ntchito) mwininyumba chuma analowa pansi.
• Serfdom angaletsedwe chitukuko cha makampani ndi malonda, zomwe kupewedwa kuwonjezeka mu likulu amasiyiratu Russia mu gulu la mayiko ang'onoang'ono.
• Kugonjetsedwa mu Crimea nkhondo (1853-1856 gg.) Anapeza backwardness ya ndale mu dziko.
• Kuchuluka kwa alimi zachiwawa anasonyeza kuti serfdom ndi "ufa keg."

masitepe loyamba

Timapitiriza zina kuti mudziwe zimene iye anachita Alexander 2. chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom anali woyamba anayambitsa zambiri Alexander 1, koma komiti sanamvetse mmene kukhazikitsa kukonzanso uku. Ndiye mfumu anali kugamulidwa ndi lamulo mu 1803 pa alimi ufulu.

Mu 1842, Nicholas 1 anatengera Chilamulo "Pa wamba osalakwa", malinga ndi zimene mwininyumba anali woyenera kumasula anthu akumidzi powapatsa chidutswa cha dziko. Nawonso m'mudzimo ntchito m'madera anafunika kusunga yolembedwa usilikali mokomera mbuye wake. Komabe lamulo limeneli wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali, chifukwa eni sanafune tiyeni serfs awo.

Great Mfumu Alexander anali 2. chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom - kusintha kwambiri. maphunziro ofunda inayamba mu 1857. Mfumu inalamula kupanga makomiti oyang'anira zigawo, amene anali kupanga ntchito kusintha moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa m'mudzimo. Ndi mapulogalamu awa, komiti nyuzipepala analemba ithe, amene anali kuganizira ndi kukhazikitsa Komiti ya Main.

Mu 1861, February 19, Tsar Alexander 2 osindikizidwa ndi Manifesto wa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ndipo linavomereza "Malamulo pa anthu wamba ndi anamasulidwa ku udindo kapolo." mfumu iyi mu mbiri dzina lake angamasuledi.

zofunika

Kodi wabwino anachita Alexander 2? Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom anapereka m'mudzi ena ufulu boma ndi munthu monga ufulu kupita kukhoti, kukwatira, kulowa ntchito ya boma, kuchita malonda, ndi zina zotero. Mwatsoka, anthu awa okha ufulu kuyenda. Komanso, alimi anali osiyana malo amene akhoza pansi kumenya natengedwa usilikali.

Land anakhalabe chuma cha anthu a mumzinda ndi m'midzi anaima ndi kuvala farmstead munda anakakhala njira ya moyo, imene ankafunika kutumikira ntchito zawo (ntchito kapena ndalama). malamulo atsopano ku linga pafupifupi osiyana. Lamulo m'mudzimo anali ndi ufulu kuwombolera chuma kapena gawo. Chifukwa, iwo linalandira ufulu m'mudzimo-eni. Mpaka ndiye, iwo anali kutchedwa "mongoyembekezera". Chiwombolo anali ofanana quitrent, anapereka kwa chaka kuchulukitsa ndi 17

mphamvu Thandizo

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa kusintha kwa Alexander 2? Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom anali ndondomeko mwachilungamo zovuta. Boma kuthandiza anthu wamba suti yeniyeni "chiwombolo ntchito." Atabatizidwa anaika likhale gawo, boma mwininyumba analipira 80% ya mtengo wake. 20% anali zimachitika m'mudzi chuma ngongole, amene adatenga pang'onopang'ono ndipo lidzabweza pasanathe zaka 49.

Alimi ogwirizana m'midzi, ndipo anthu, nayenso ali Integrated mu parishi ya. Field pansi anasangalala ammudzi. Kuti litsatira "dipo malipiro", anthu wamba anayamba kuthandizana.

Bwalo anthu dziko kulima, koma pasanathe zaka ziwiri iwo mongoyembekezera wokakamizidwa. Kenako, analoledwa zimachitika ku mudzi kapena anthu a m'tauni. Pakati pa anthu wamba ndi nzika kulowa mapangano zimene zalembedwa mu "udzatha." Icho chinakhazikitsidwa positi wa conciliator ndi, amene kumvetsetsa kusiyana maganizo. kusintha Business anatsogolera "kukhalapo Provincial Rural Affairs."

zotsatira

zikuchitikazi analengedwa ndi Alexander Kusintha 2 chiyani? Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom kusandulika ntchito mu uphungu, motsogoleredwa chitukuko ubale msika, ndiko maiko capitalist. Chifukwa cha kusintha mwakachetechete anayamba kupanga latsopano strata chikhalidwe cha anthu - ndi bourgeoisie ndi proletariat.

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndale, ndi zachuma moyo wa Russian Ufumu pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, boma anali kukhala ena kusintha watanthauzo zimene zinapangitsa kusintha dziko lathu mu ufumu bourgeois.

Pa kusintha kwa mwachidule

Amene ankafuna chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom pansi Alexander 2? Mu Russia, pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba mavuto pachimake ndi anthu onse maka- gwero umene uli wosazindikira ang'onoang'ono-ang'onoang'ono nkhani zachuma. nuance Izi angaletsedwe chitukuko cha bizinesi ndi kuzindikiridwa kusiyana okwana pakati Russia ndi mayiko patsogolo. Kwambiri mavutowo wasonyeza yokha mu Russian kugonjetsedwa mu Crimea nkhondo.

yokumba ang'onoang'ono unapitirira kuchititsa kusakhutira pakati pa alimi, chisangalalo. m'mudzimo ambiri anathawira ku ntchito yaukapolo. The owolowa manja otchuka gawo anazindikira kusintha.

Mu 1855-1857 gg. Mfumu analandira 63 makalata ndi akhazikitse kuwonongedwa kwa serfdom. Patapita nthawi, Alexander 2 kuti ndi bwino kuti amasule m'mudzimo pa njira zawo za "pamwamba" osati kudikira zigawenga "m'munsi".

zinthu zimenezi zinachitika ndi maziko a kulimbitsa lokhala wosasangalala kwakukulu demokalase-chosintha anthu a. Na Dobrolyubov ndi N. G. Chernyshevsky atchukitsa malingaliro amene anapezeka anatithandiza kwambiri kwa amazikonda anthu otchuka.

maganizo a amazikonda anthu otchuka

Choncho, mukudziwa kale anasankha linatengedwa ndi Alexander 2. The zifukwa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ife tafotokozazi. Amadziwika kuti panthawiyo anali magazini otchuka kwambiri "Contemporary", pa mapepala omwe anthu ankakambirana tsogolo la Russia. Mu London, lofalitsidwa "kumalo ozizira Star" ndi "Bell" - anadzazidwa ndi chiyembekezo cha ufumu kutsogolera Kupha serfdom mu Russia.

Pambuyo kuganizira kwambiri, Alexander 2 anayamba kukonza asilikali a kusintha wamba. Mu 1857-1858 gg. Makomiti a zigawo inakhazikitsidwa, zimene zinaphatikizapo ophunzirako mwapang'onopang'ono oimira amazikonda anthu otchuka (Na Milyukov, YI Rostovtsev, ndi ena). Komabe, zambiri za apamwamba ndi olemekezeka anatsutsa zaluso nafuna kukhala mochuluka za utumiki wawo. Chifukwa, izo anakhudzidwa kusodza malamulo anayamba ndi Commission.

vuto

Ndithudi inu kukumbukira kuti anthu wamba ufulu Alexander 2. The chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mwachidule anafotokoza mu Mfundo sayansi. Choncho, mu 1861, 19 February, mfumu countersign ndi Manifesto pa Kucotsa mfundo wokakamiza. State Zachuma inayake ya malipiro kwa landlords dziko ceded kwa Mabuku a m'mudzimo. Avereji ya kukula mlimi gawo anali wofanana maekala 3.3. Wamba sanali kuti zigwire ziwembu, chotero anayamba kubwereka munda landlords, akumamvera ntchito zake ndi ndalama. nuance Izi akugwirabe wamba chomwa mbuye ndipo anapangitsa kuti anthu akale kalembedwe ang'onoang'ono a ntchito.

Ngakhale kukula mofulumira kupanga ndi zina zomwe zina, udindo wa m'mphawi Russian akadali anakhala mu mkhalidwe wopondereza kwambiri. misonkho State, otsala asapita ang'onoang'ono, mangawa kwa nzika akulephera chitukuko cha ulimi.

Madera wamba ufulu wawo kudziko inasanduka chonyamulira cha ubale unitary kuti kumalepheretsa ntchito zachuma mamembala ambiri akhama.

prehistory

Gwirizanani, amachititsa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom pansi Alexander 2 ndi wokongola waukulu. Njira choyamba cha kumasulidwa kwa amphawi kuchokera kudalira wokakamiza anachita Paulo Alexander 1 ndipo 1. Iwo ali mu 1797 ndi 1803 ankalemekeza anasaina Manifesto wa masiku atatu corvee, amene okha ntchito yokakamiza, ndi Watsimikiza pa alimi ufulu mbewu, anafotokoza zomwe a wamba palokha.

Alexander 1 anavomereza pulogalamu ya A. A. Arakcheeva pa chiwonongeko mwapang'onopang'ono serfdom ndi m'mudzimo kulandidwa Manor ndi magawo awo chuma. Koma pulogalamuyi anali sadatsatire mwakuchitika. Only mu 1816-1819 biennium. Anapatsidwa ufulu kwa anthu wamba Baltic, koma wopanda dziko.

Mfundo za alimi kutera pa omangapo kusintha maganizo intersect ndi VA Kokoreva ndi K. D. Kavelina amene analandira yankho chidwi cha anthu mu 1850s ndi. Amadziwika kuti Cavelin mu "Letter kuti amasule m'mudzimo" (1855) anena kuti m'mudzimo kugula dziko mothandizidwa ndi ngongole ndi kulipira ndalama za 5% pa chaka zaka 37 kudzera wapadera Alimi Bank.

Kokorev buku "Biliyoni mu Chifunga" (1859) akufuna kugula alimi tirigu mwa mwadala anayambitsa banki payekha. Iye analimbikitsa alimi kuti apite ndi dziko ndi nzika kulipira ndalama pogwiritsa ntchito ngongole analipira m'mudzimo kwa zaka 37.

kusanthula kusintha

Akatswiri ambiri akuphunzira zimene anapanga Alexander 2. chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu Russia anali kuphunzira ndi mbiri komanso dokotala Alexander Skrebitskim, zimene zinabweretsa pamodzi mfundo zonse zilipo pa chitukuko cha kusintha mu bukhu lake. ntchito yake inafalitsidwa mu 60s lapansi. XIX atumwi ku Bonn.

Olemba mbiri pambuyo amene anaphunzira funso wa m'mudzimo, ndemanga zosiyana pa zinthu zikuluzikulu za malamulo amenewa. Mwachitsanzo, Pokrovsky ananena kuti kusintha lonse chifukwa ambiri a alimi langokhala chakuti iwo asiya mwalamulo mutu wakuti "serfs." "Akuyenera" Tsopano iwo anali kutchedwa. Yokhala, iwo ankaziona monga mfulu, koma moyo wawo sanasinthe kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, landlords achuluka kukwapula wamba.

wazambiriyakale analemba kuti "wokakamizidwa" osawuka amakhulupirira kuti chifuniro ichi - zabodza. Iye anati kulengeza mwa mfumu ya munthu free, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kupitiriza kulipira nyumba ndi kupita serfdom - izi zikusiyana choipitsitsa, amakopa chidwi. Ndi maganizo omwewo anali Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa akatswiri ambiri olemekezedwa vuto la boma lakale la Na Rozhkov ulimi Russian mbiri, komanso angapo olemba ena amene analemba za Amaya.

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti malamulo a February 1861, mwalamulo yothetsera serfdom, osati kuwonongedwa ake monga bungwe zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Koma iwo inatsegula njira zimenezi zichitike mu zaka zochepa.

kutsutsa

N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri akhala akudzudzula ulamuliro wa Alexander 2? Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom sanali kwakukulu m'nthawi ndi azambiriyakale ambiri (makamaka Soviet). Iwo ankaona izi kusintha theka n'kumanena kuti sanadutsitse kuti amasulidwe m'mudzimo, koma mwachindunji limagwirira a ndondomeko imeneyi, ndi kukondera olephera.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amati ziŵalo adziwerenga m'munsi otchedwa dongosolo lofuna munda - masungidwe andalama osaka dziko la mwini wina, interspersed ndi ziwembu yachilendo. Ndipotu, lafalitsidwa zinasintha pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka zambiri. Zinali chotsatira cha kusokonekera kwa mayiko limodzi nthawi zonse, makamaka achikulire ana mabanja dipatimenti.

Ndipotu wamba ziwembu pambuyo ziŵalo mu 1861 anali asokoneza ndi landlords angapo a zigawo zomwe zachitika m'dziko kuchokera kwa alimi, ngati kuika pa munthu anali oposa akuchipatala chifukwa distilikiti. Kumene, mbuyeyo anayenera ndi kupereka chidutswa cha dziko, koma nthawi sanatero. Ndi mu m'mudzimo lalikulu zigawo anakhudzidwa ndi ntchito ya kusintha ndi mbali analandira wofanana ndi mlingo wa kuthungo.