Ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala mu World nkhondo yoyamba

Oyambirira pa April m'mawa mu 1915 ndi udindo German, zikuwonjezera vutoli chitetezo mzere Entente makilomita makumi awiri m'tauni ya Ypres (Belgium), kuwala mphepo ikuwomba. Pamodzi ndi iye mu chitsogozo cha anagwirizana kunkhondo anagwidwa mwadzidzidzi wandiweyani yobiriwira mtambo. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anthu ochepa ankadziwa kuti mpweya wa imfa, ndi kuika woumira chinenero kutsogolo-mzere malipoti - kugwiritsa ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala pa Western Front.

Misozi asanamwalire

Kukhala enieni mwamtheradi, ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha mu Dziko Lonse Yoyamba mu 1914, ndipo anapanga GGI zoipa za French. Koma ndiye Inde unayambitsidwa kuichotsa mpweya bromoacetate yoimira gulu la mankhwala irritant, osati woopsa. Iwo anali 26 millimeter mabomba, amene shelled ndi ngalande German nakhuta. Pamene kotunga mpweya zinatha, izo m'malo ndi chimodzimodzi kanthu chloroacetone.

Poyankha, dziko la Germany salola amaona kuti akuyenera kutsatira malamulo ambiri amavomereza malamulo enshrined Hague Convention, mu Nkhondo ya Neuve Chapelle unachitika mu October chaka chomwecho, British zipolopolo zipolopolo modzaza mankhwala irritant. Komabe, pamene analephera kukwaniritsa ndende zake zoopsa.

Choncho, sanali ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala mu April 1915, koma mosiyana ndi anthu m'mbuyomu, kuti thupilo la asilikali a moyo wa adani ntchito wakupha chlorine mpweya. Kuukira chifukwa anali zidzasintha. matani zana ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu atomized wothandizila mankhwala ankanena miyoyo ya asilikali zikwi zisanu anagwirizana ndi wina zikwi khumi wolemala chifukwa cha poyizoni umatulutsa. Mwa njira, anavutika ndi dziko la Germany okha. Lokhala ndi imfa mtambo anakhudza m'mphepete awo a udindo wawo, zokometsera anali kwathunthu anapereka ndi masks mpweya. Mu mbiri ya nkhondo nkhani imeneyi zinaperekedwa "tsiku lakuda Ypres."

Anapitiriza ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha mu World nkhondo yoyamba

Pofuna kulimbikitsa bwino lino, dziko la Germany anali sabata m'chigawo cha mobwerezabwereza kuukira mankhwala Warsaw, nthawi imeneyi kumenyana ndi asilikali Russian. Apa, imfa ali lambiri yokolola - oposa mazana awiri zikwi aphedwa ndipo ena zikwi wopunduka. Mwachibadwa, mayiko Entente anayesa zionetsero potsutsana chotero kwadalako kuphwanya mfundo za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, koma Berlin monyoza ananena kuti Hague Msonkhano Wachigawo wa 1896 anatchula yekha zipolopolo chakupha, osati mipweya okha. Iwo amavomereza, ndipo sanayese kutsutsana - nkhondo ndi nthawi negates ntchito oimira.

Limatchula za nkhondo yovutayi

Monga mobwerezabwereza anatsindika ndi azambiriyakale asilikali, ya Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ankagwiritsa anatengera machenjerero a kanthu Pamalo amene anali anasonyeza ndi olimba mzere kutsogolo, wosasunthika, osalimba a ndende a asilikali ndi mkulu wa zomangamanga ndi luso thandizo.

Izi kwakukulukulu kuchepetsedwa mphamvu ya kanthu mseru kuyambira mbali zonse anakumana ndi kulimbikira kwa chitetezo champhamvu mdani. Njira kunja kwa impasse zingakhale yekha sagwirizana nazo mwatsatanetsatane zochita, ndipo anali kugwiritsa ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala.

A tsamba latsopano la milandu nkhondo

Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha mu nkhondo World ndinali luso lalikulu. Osiyanasiyana zotsatira zake pa anthu wakhala waukulu kwambiri. Malinga ku anapatsidwa pamwamba Makanema World nkhondo, iye kuyamba pulogalamu yaumbanda kuti anachititsa chloroacetone, ethyl bromoacetate ndi anthu ena, mtima, kuti wakupha - phosgene, chlorine ndi mpiru.

Ngakhale kuti ziwerengero kusonyeza zofooka wachibale wa angathe koopsa mpweya (a chiwerengero anakhudzidwa - yekha 5% ya amafa), chiwerengero cha akufa ndi wopunduka anali yaikulu. Iwo amapereka ufulu amanena kuti ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala yatsegula mutu latsopano la milandu nkhondo mbiri ya anthu.

Mu masiteji kutsogoloku nkhondo, mbali zonse anatha kukonza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo mokwanira ogwira kuukira mankhwala. Zimenezi zathandiza ntchito nthumwi zochepa poizoni bwino ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinachititsa kuti kusiyidwa ntchito zawo. Komabe, inali nthawi kuchokera 1914 mpaka 1918 anapita mu mbiri monga "nkhondo ya akatswiri," chifukwa ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala mu dziko anali pa omenyera nkhondo ake.

Tsoka kwa zokometsera wa linga wa Osowiec

Koma kubwerera ku amafotokoza ntchito asilikali nyengo. Pa chiyambi cha May 1915 kuukira mankhwala ndi asilikali Russian kuteteza malo otetezeka a Osowiec ili makilomita makumi asanu kuchokera Bialystok (dera lino la Poland) zinapangidwa ndi dziko la Germany. Malinga okha, pambuyo zipolopolo yaitali shelling modzaza zinthu zakupha, imene ankagwiritsa ntchito angapo mitundu awo, zonse zamoyo chapatali ndithu wakhala poizoni.

Anapha anthu osati ndi nyama zokodwa mu zone ya moto, koma zomera zonse anawonongedwa. masamba mtengo maso ake anapambutsa chikasu ndi kutha, ndi udzu unali wakuda ndi nagwa pansi. Mufilimuyi anali moona apocalyptic ndipo si woyenera mu chikumbumtima cha munthu wamba.

Koma akhudzidwa kwambiri, ndithudi, zokometsera wa citadel lapansi. Ngakhale anthu amene kuphedwa, ambiri a iwo anavutika zilonda zamoto ndipo kwambiri ziwalo. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa maonekedwe awo zikusonyeza mantha kwa adani, kuti mbiri ya nkhondo Russian counterattack, kutaya chifukwa cha mdani mpanda wolimba anabwera pansi udindo "Akufa kuukira."

Mukhale ndi kuyambitsa ntchito phosgene

Ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala anatchula nambala yaikulu cha zolakwa zake luso, amene inathetsedwa mu 1915 ndi gulu la akatswiri French, kutsogozedwa ndi Viktorom Grinyarom. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo wakhala woopsa latsopano m'badwo mpweya - phosgene.

Mwamtheradi colorless, motsutsana ndi enaake achikasu chlorine, kunapatsa kukhalapo kwake kokha sadzachitanso amaonekera fungo yankhungu udzu, limapangitsa kuti azindikire. Poyerekeza ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo, mankhwala atsopano amene anali ndi kawopsedwe apamwamba, koma pa nthawi yomweyo analinso zofooka zina.

Zizindikiro za poyizoni ndipo ngakhale imfa ya woberedwa, sadzafika nthawi yomweyo, ndi tsiku pambuyo inhalation mpweya. Izi analola chakupha ndi zambiri likupita imfa ya asilikali akadali kwa nthawi yaitali kutenga nawo mbali mu nkhondoyi. Komanso, phosgene zolemera ndithu, ndi kusintha sayenda izo zimayenera kusakaniza chilichonse ndi chlorine chomwecho. Izi osakaniza infernal analandira kwa adani amatchedwa "White Star", monga chizindikiro mabotolo zaikidwa munali izo.

ya ziwanda zachilendo

Usiku wa pa July 13, 1917 pafupi ndi tauni Belgium wa Ypres, kale anapambana wowopsa, wa ku Germany anapangidwa ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala chithuza. Pa malo kuwonekera koyamba kugulu wake, anadziwika monga mpiru mafuta. onyamula wake anali anga, kuphulika sprayed chikasu wochuluka madzi.

Ntchito mpiru mafuta, ndipo ambiri ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha mu First World nkhondo, anali luso lina wamakani. Izi "kukwaniritsa chitukuko" analengedwera kwa chiwonongeko cha khungu, komanso kupuma ndi m'mimba. Kuyambira zotsatira zake kudzipulumutsa yunifolomu aliyense msilikali kapena mitundu iliyonse ya zovala wamba. Iye atagonjetsa minofu iliyonse.

Masiku amenewo, sitinalandire opangidwa njira iliyonse odalirika chitetezo kukhudzana ndi thupi lake, amene anapanga ntchito ya mpiru mafuta ndithu ogwira mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondo. Kale ntchito yoyamba ya mankhwala, anapha awiri ndi zikwi theka asilikali ndi alonda, amene ambiri a amafa.

Gasi, osati zokwawa pamodzi pansi

Akutukuka mpiru German akatswiri musati mwangozi. Ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala pa Western Front anapeza kuti ntchito zinthu - chlorine ndi phosgene - chimodzi ndi yofunika kwambiri drawback. Iwo anali wolemera kwambiri kuposa mpweya, choncho, mu mawonekedwe atomized adagwa pansi, nadzaza ngalande ndi ufa zosiyanasiyana. Kupeza mwa iwo anthu chiphe, koma amene nthawi kuukira anali pamapiri, nthawi zambiri anakhalabe sanamuvulaze.

Kodi kupanga mpweya woipa ndi yokoka m'munsi yeniyeni ndi waluso mwa kupha anthu amene pa mlingo uliwonse. Iwo nayamba mu July 1917 mpiru. Tikumbukenso kuti akatswiri British anakhazikitsa dongosolo m'malo mofulumira, ndipo mu 1918 anapezerapo chida wakupha ulimi, koma zikuluzikulu ntchito amasiya akutsatiridwa ndi miyezi iwiri osayanjanitsika lapansi. Europe unakhala m'malo - lofotokozera, yomwe inatenga zaka zinayi wa World Choyamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala wakhala sikuthandiza, ndi chitukuko yochepa ndinayima.

Chiyambi cha ntchito poizoni ndi ankhondo Russian

Mlandu ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha ndi ankhondo Russian amatanthauza 1915, pamene motsogozedwa ndi mkulu-General V. N. Ipateva bwinobwino zagwiridwa pulogalamu ya ulimi mu Russia mtundu uwu wa chida. Komabe, ntchito yake inali ya chikhalidwe cha mayesero luso ndiye ndipo sanali titsatire zolinga mwatsatanetsatane. Only patapita chaka, chifukwa cha ntchito pa kukhazikitsa zochitika pa ulimi, olengedwa mwa malo amenewa, panali kuthekera kwa ntchito zawo kutsogolo.

Full ntchito ya zochitika asilikali, akutulukira kuchokera Laboratories zoweta, anayamba m'chilimwe cha 1916 pamene wotchuka Brusilov yojambula. chochitika amapereka mwayi kudziwa chaka cha ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala ndi ankhondo Russian. Amadziwika kuti pa nkhondowo ntchito ntchito zida zankhondo zipolopolo, modzaza lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma mpweya ndi chloropicrin poizoni - vensinitom ndi phosgene. Malinga ndi lipoti, motsogoleredwa ndi Main zida zankhondo Administration, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala anali "msonkhano waukulu kwa asilikali."

Wachisoni nkhondo Kafukufuku

Ntchito yoyamba ya mankhwala zida First World nkhondo anali zoopsa zachilendo. Mu zaka wotsatira, ntchito yake osati kuwonjezera, komanso kakusintha kusintha Mkhalidwe. Polongosola mwachidule ziwerengero chisoni usilikali zaka zinayi, olemba mbiri amaona kuti nthawi imeneyi magulu omenyanawa apanga osachepera 180 zikwi. Matani zida za mankhwala akupha, zimene osachepera 125 thous. Matani kupezekanso. Pa nkhondo kuti anayesedwa mitundu 40 yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zakupha chimene chatizindikiritsa imfa ndi kuvulala asilikali 1.3 miliyoni ndiponso anthu wamba anagwira m'dera la ntchito yawo.

Phunziro anatsala undigested

Kaya anthu waphunzira phunziro yabwino ku zochitika za zaka ndi ngati tsiku la ntchito yoyamba ya zida za mankhwala linali tsiku wakuda mu mbiri yake? Nkomwe. Ndipo lero, ngakhale malamulo mayiko amene amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito poizoni, ndi arsenals amitundu ambiri a dziko odzaza ndi zomwe zawo zamakono, ndipo kunadetsa womkanikizawo pali malipoti a ntchito mu madera osiyana a dziko. Anthu kumayenda bwinobwino pamene tikuyenda pa njira ya okha, kunyalanyaza ululu wa mbadwo wakale.