Chilituyaniya mbiri mwachidule

Ngakhale mwachidule mbiri ya Lithuania - ndi chidwi ndi wolemera Nkhani. Dziko Baltic kwakhalapo mu guises zosiyanasiyana. Zinali chitaganya cha mafuko achikunja, amphamvu Grand Duchy, kuphatikizapo mbali yokulirapo ya dziko Russian, membala wa mgwirizanowo ndi Poland, chigawo cha Russian Ufumu ndi Republic Federal mu USSR. Izi yaitali ndi yaminga njira zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa lamakono la Lithuania.

amakedzana

Wosazindikira mbiri ya Lithuania idayamba chakhumi Zakachikwi BC. e. About nthawi imeneyi ku dera lake inali midzi oyambirira. anthu Neman Valley ankachita nsomba ndi kusaka.

Lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. e. pakati pa Western Dvina ndi Vistula chinayamba chikhalidwe cha makolo a mafuko Baltic. Iwo anali bronzes choyamba. Pafupifupi m'zaka VI BC. e. kufalitsa mwa Balts zida chitsulo. Ndiyamika zipangizo zatsopano (mwachitsanzo bwino nkhwangwa) inapita kudula mitengo ndipo anayamba ulimi.

The akalambula yomweyo ya Lithuanians anali Aukštaitija ndi Zhmud amene anakhala pafupi ndi Prussians ndi yatvagami. m'mafuko amenewa anali mbali yapadera. Onse ali m'manda pamodzi ndi akavalo anthu amene analankhula za ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya nyama mu chuma ndiye Balt.

Madzulo a zikamera wa boma

Pakati pa mafuko ena Baltic Lithuanians komanso coexisted ndi Asilavo, amene ankamenyana nagula nazo malonda. Anthu a mchigwa cha Nemunas ndi Neris ankasakidwa osati nyama, nsomba ndi ulimi. Iwo ankachita njuchi ndi yotengedwa phula. Zamgululi a m'mbali io izi anagulitsidwa posinthanitsa ndi kuchepekedwa pa zitsulo ndi zida.

History of Lithuania ndiye ngati mbiri ya anthu ena onse ndi asapita mafuko. Pang'onopang'ono ndinayamba mphamvu ya akalonga (kunigasov). Panali ansembe vaydeloty. Pa maholide, ndi Lithuanians anabweretsa milungu yawo nsembe ya nyama (ndipo nthawi zina anthu).

Yonseyi Lithuania

Political kudziletsa gulu anatenga mafuko Baltic m'zaka XII, pamene woyamba Akhristu German anayamba kuoneka pa malire a dziko lawo. malamulo Mkhristu anayamba kuwonjezeka asilikali, wayika cholinga kuti azibatiza Amitundu. Chifukwa choopa wochokera alendo Mbiri ya Lithuania kwapita kuti mbali yake yatsopano.

Malinga ndi kalata yolembedwa ndi wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn kalonga ndi anansi ake Baltic kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII, m'mayiko awo anagawanika pakati pa 21 Duke. Posachedwa mwa iwo anaima Mindaugas, amene analamulira mu 1238-1263 gg. Choyamba anakwanitsa kwathunthu cigawo Lithuania pansi pa ulamuliro wake yekha.

Mindaugas unali utazunguliridwa ndi adani. Pamene kunabuka nkhondo pakati pa iye ndi Order Livonia, wachikunja kalonga anaganiza kusintha kwa Chikhristu. Mu 1251 iye anabatizidwa. Zimenezi zinathandiza Mindaugas tipezekemo thandizo la Papa mu nkhondo ndi mdani wina - Daniilom Galitskim. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Lithuanians anagonjetsa Asilavo. Atatsala pang'ono kufa kwa Mindaugas amasiya Christianity, kukhazikitsidwa kwa amene ankachitira mchitidwe zamtendere, ndipo anachita mgwirizano ndi Aleksandrom Nevskim, osiyana ndi Germany. Mu 1263 Mindaugas anaphedwa ndi atsogoleri anzake Dovmont Treniota.

The Grand Duchy

Mbiri akale a Lithuania anapitiriza mogwirizana ndi lathu kum'mawa. Balta akalonga anamaliza mabanja dynastic ndi Rurikovich ndipo anali muulamuliro Asilavo. Kungoyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIII akuyamba Chilituyaniya kukula malo. Iye wophatikidwa ndi (zambiri zaufulu) maukulu Russian, amene, pamene wosafuna kupereka msonkho kwa Mongolia, ogwirizana ndi anansi awo.

Mu 1385 wolamulira wa Lithuania Jagiello anapanga mgwirizano ndi Poland ndipo chifukwa cha ichi iye anasankhidwa Mfumu ya Poland. Kenako anabatizidwa dziko lake mu mwambo wa Chikatolika, ngakhale ambiri a Russian Orthodoxy anapitiriza kuchita. Mu 1392 Jogaila anapanga wachiwiri wake mu Lithuania Vytautas. Ngakhale odetsedwa, zoona mkulu anakhalabe palokha. Pamene inatha mu mbiri oyambirira a Lithuania - dziko wafika chimake cha mphamvu zake.

Mu 1410 Vytautas, pamodzi ndi Jagiello anagonjetsa Teutonic Knights mu Nkhondo ya Grunwald, kenako Ankhondo a salinso anaopseza ufulu wa Grand Duchy. Kummawa, Lithuania anali linalanda kuti Smolensk, ndi kumwera kwa dera lake zikuphatikizapo Kyiv, komanso akupempha Nyanja Black.

Union ndi Poland

Atamwalira Vytautas mu 1430, Lithuania pang'ono ndi pang'ono ayamba muulamuliro Polish. mayiko onse kulamulidwa ndi mafumu a mafumu Jagiellonian. Kumalimbikitsa kufunika kwa Chikatolika. Mozungulira imeneyi, kunali wotchuka Hill Mitanda ku Lithuania. Mbiri ya yatsoka mmodzi wa zokopa chachikulu cha dziko silidziŵika. Koma kuti wakhala ukupitirira kwa zaka Lithuanians kukaona malo awa, ndipo kukhazikitsa kumeneko mitanda mwini. Malinga ndi zimene ambiri amakhulupirira, iwo kubweretsa zabwino.

Mu 1569, pakati Poland ndi Lithuania anali anasaina Union of Lublin, chinali chiyambi cha Commonwealth. Zinali zosiyana kwa amene anatenga Jagiello. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko awiri malamulo mfumu amene amasankha anthu apamwamba (otchuka). Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi Poland, ndi Lithuania kukhala cholowa cha asilikali ndi malamulo.

Mbali ya Ufumu Russian

Ngati dziko lina lililonse European, mbiri ya Lithuania wolemera zokwera komanso zotsika. M'zaka za m'ma XVII, patatha kukhazikika mu Commonwealth wayamba ndondomeko kutha kwapang'onopang'ono. Unagwa ku madera dziko latsopano. mbali yaikulu ya Ukraine anatayika. The ufumu wapawiri anali wapanikizidwa awiri mitundu yoyandikana - Sweden ndi Russia. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII Rzeczpospolita walowa mu mgwirizano ndi Peter Ine ndi kumpoto Scandinavia ufumu, zomwe kumupulumutsa iye kuchokera zomvetsa kwayandikirako malo.

Popeza Poland ndi Lithuania anali mu dera la chikoka Russian. Pa mapeto a XVIII m'ma Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Commonwealth unagawidwa pakati pa anansi zikuluzikulu. dzikolo anapita ku Prussia, Austria ndi Russia (yotsirizira kuphatikizapo tinatengera Lithuania). Kuchepa kwa ufulu wa anthu a Commonwealth sanakhutire. M'zaka za m'ma XIX panali angapo Polish ndi Chilituyaniya dziko kuukira. Mmodzi wa iwo anagwa pa nkhondo kukonda dziko lako la 1812. Komabe, dziko la Russia anapitiriza kupeza Western, amene mulinso Lithuania. Mbiri ya dziko kwa zaka zambiri mwamphamvu chokhudzana ndi Romanov ufumu.

Kubwezeretsa ufulu

Ndi isanayambike wa First World nkhondo Lithuania anali chapatsogolo kumenyana Germany ndi Russia. asilikali Germany linalanda mayiko Baltic mu 1915. Tariba - Mu 1918, pamene kusintha awiri zachitika mu Russia, ndi provisional boma unakhazikitsidwa mu Lithuania. Kwa miyezi ingapo iwo anapereka kwa Mafumu. Mfumu analengeza Wilhelm Von Urach. Komabe, posakhalitsa dziko adakali ndi Republic.

Chilituyaniya mbiri za m'ma 20 wasintha kwambiri chifukwa Soviet Russia. The Red Army litatenga dera la Baltic States mu November 1918. The Bolsheviks anagwira Vilnius. Izo analengedwa ndi Chilituyaniya Soviet Republic, limene ophatikizidwa ndi Chibelarusi. Koma chifukwa cha mavuto pa amadzibisa wina wa Red Army la Civil nkhondo sakanakhoza kukhala mu Baltic. Lithuania anamasulidwa ndi mbali ya ufulu wa dziko. Mu 1920, dziko anasaina mgwirizano ndi RSFSR pangano mtendere.

Interbellum

Tsopano latsopano palokha Lithuania, mbiri ya boma tikhoza kupitirira m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Dziko anapeza lokha anaima mutu ndi. Vilnius wakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa loyandikana Poland. Chifukwa cha ichi, likulu (ndi wathupi) anatsimikizidwa Kaunas. The maiko ambiri akhala anazindikira ufulu wa Lithuania malinga ndi Pangano la Versailles.

Mu 1926, dziko Baltic linagwedezeka chiwembu asilikali. Anabwera mphamvu, mtundu Antanas Smetona, amene wakhazikitsa authoritarian boma. Chifukwa malinga kunja chitetezo Lithuania ndi anansi ake (Latvia ndi Estonia) amakuonani mgwirizano wa Baltic Entente. zimenezi sizipangitsa kuteteza limati yaing'ono kuchokera mokwiya. Mu 1939, boma la Germany anapereka musankhepo kuti Lithuania, chimene iye anapereka Chachitatu Ulamuliro wa Nazi maganizo Klaipeda.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse

Madzulo a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Soviet Union ndi Nazi Germany anasaina Molotov-Ribbentrop ke, malinga ndi zimene Baltic States analowa dera cha mphamvu ya Soviet Union. Pamene Germany anagonjetsa Ulaya, boma la Russia bungwe inalowa la Estonia, Latvia ndi Lithuania. Mu 1940, mayiko onse atatu anapereka musankhepo zovuta kuvomereza kuti asilikali ake gawo Soviet ndi chikominisi kudzachitika mphamvu.

Choncho mbiri ya Lithuania, mwachidule zomwe ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, anayambanso kugwirizana ndi Russia. Smetona anasamuka, ndi kudziko anaziletsa bungwe lirilonse ndale. M'chaka cha 1940 zinatha mapangidwe a Chilituyaniya SSR, ndipo anali m'gulu la USSR. Adani a boma Soviet anazunzidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku Siberia. Kuyambira 1941-1944. Lithuania, komanso panthawi yoyamba ya padziko lonse, anali pansi Germany.

Chilituyaniya SSR

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha, ndi zokhazikika sichinayambe limzake. Lithuania anakhalabe ndi USSR. Republic of uyu anali mmodzi yekha mu Soviet Union ndi anthu lachikatolika. Russification ndi kuthamanga pa mpingo sanali zambiri Lithuanians. Inayamba wosakhutira zinachitika mu 1972 pamene dissident Calantha Romas zinachitika mu Kaunas, kudzikonda immolation.

Komabe, kubwezeretsa mwayokha Lithuania akanatha pokhapokha chiyambi cha perestroika Gorbachev a. Mu 1990, Bungwe la Republic Supreme anatenga Act pa ufulu wa m'dzikolo. Poyankha, kumbali ya boma la Soviet analenga National Committee Chipulumutso. Pa pempho lake, Lithuania asilikali analowa USSR. Pa kumenyana ku Vilnius mu January 1991, anthu 15 anafa. Lero, okhudzidwa ndi nkhondo ya amaonedwa Chilituyaniya ngwazi dziko.

modernity

Moscow anazindikira ufulu wa Lithuania pambuyo pa August kulanda boma. boma Baltic yomweyo ankatembenukira kwa West. Mu 2004, Lithuania membala wa bungwe la European ndi NATO, ndipo mu 2015 anayamba ntchito yuro ndalama mu izo.

Modern boma Baltic ndiyo lipabliki. Mutu wa nthambi Yolamula pulezidenti amasankhidwa kwa nthawi ya zaka zisanu. Lero, malo amenewo umachitika Dalia Grybauskaite. Chilituyaniya yamalamulo wotchedwa Zakudya. Mmenemo 141 MP. Aphungu amasankhidwa ndi dongosolo losanganikirana.