Chilankhulo Rusyn: makhalidwe ndi gulu la m'zilembo

chilankhulo Rusyn - gulu lonse la m'zilembo osiyana ndi Zining'a, ofala pakati Rusyns mitundu, amene ankakhala mu Ukraine mu Carpathians, kum'mawa Slovakia ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa Poland. Komanso, oimira anthu okhala m'madera ena a Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, ndipo ngakhale mu Canada ndi United States.

Mu nthawi yathu, malingana ndi kuwerengera, chiwerengero cha Rusyns imodzi ndi anthu miliyoni ndi theka. chilankhulo Rusyn ofanana Chirasha, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibelarusi, kuyambira akunena za chinenero gulu lomweli.

maganizo a akatswiri a zinenero

chinenero ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo nduna ya Vojvodina - Serbia a m'chigawo yoyenda yokha kumpoto wa Danube. Padakali palibe kugwirizana ngati tikhoza kulandira chinenero Rusyn palokha. Chiyukireniya akatswiri a zinenero Komabe, akuluakulu a sakuzindikira za Rusyns ngati osiyana fuko akuganiza kuti magulu ethnographic wa Ukrainians ndi chinenero chawo - ankalankhula Chiyukireniya. Komabe, osati kale mu 2012, izo anatengera kusamvana, malinga ndi zimene Ruthenian anakhala chinenero cha anthu ka Ukraine.

Kumene zinenero ziwiri zimene zilipo m'dera lina, adzakhala ofanana. Izi sizachilendo. Kupatulapo si, ndi chinenero Ruthenian. Matanthauzo a izo Komabe, pamlingo kwambiri kuposa Chiyukireniya, wodzazidwa tserkovnoslavyanizmy. Chinthu chapadera chokhudza ndi kukhalapo kwa Polonism, slovakizmov, Germanism ndi madyarizmov. Ambiri zinthu lexical ya Chihangare anasamukira ku chinenero Ruthenian.

Mbiri ya kusiyana

Mu 19 kwa m'ma 20 mu Ruthenian anthu chikhalidwe chogwidwa ndi mumaganiza atatu. Monga chinenero zolembalemba anali akufuna kuyambitsa Russian Russophile, Ukrainophiles, motero, Chiyukireniya. Gulu lachitatu unachitikira zoyesayesa zolembalemba Rusin chinenero maphunziro.

M'zaka nkhondo Podkarpacie anali utakhala m'manja Hungary, ndipo Subcarpathian Society of Sciences zatenganso mbali yaikulu pa chikhalidwe cha deralo. M'chaka choyamba cha nkhondo inasindikizidwa "chinenero Ruthenian" amene wolemba anali Dr. Ivan Garayda - mphunzitsi, womasulira, wofalitsa, zilankhulo ndi wophunzitsa. Zinali iye amene amalenga zolembalemba Subcarpathian Ruthenian. Mu chinenero ichi, mu zaka kubwera m'chigawo lofalitsidwa magazini, manyuzipepala ndi mabuku.

chinenero ya malamulo

Ngakhale kuti mu nthawi zoopsa nkhondo Podkarpacie mwachangu nakulitsa zolembalemba chinenero Chiyukireniya, izo zizidagwidwe pa mwa Rusyns. Komanso chitukuko cha kulemba Chiyukireniya phonetic wakhala anthu ambiri mu vuto lalikulu, mogwirizana ndi zomwe pali adakali ambiri Transcarpathian Rusyns samadziona kukhala Ukrainians.

Ngakhale izi, itatha nkhondo Transcarpathia boma zinali Chiyukireniya yekha, ngakhale Vojvodina zolembalemba Ruthenian ndipo anavomereza kumbuyo mu makumi, ndi galamala koyamba linatuluka mu 1923.

Iwo akadali anapanga wamba zolembalemba chinenero Ruthenian. Translator kumvetsa m'zilembo osiyana mwina kuthi - ndi chofunikira wamba lemba la angalimvetse ngakhale kulankhula chilankhulo (nkhani ku chidziwitso cha zina East Asilavo, Russian Mwachitsanzo), koma zimenezi si zokwanira kuzindikira zonse za ntchito mabuku.

M'zilembo zazikulu

M'dera Transcarpathian ya Ukraine, ndipo mu gawo la dera Prešov kumpoto kum'mawa Slovakia, otchedwa wamba Rusyn Subcarpathian m'zilembo, amene amapatsidwa lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu Verkhovynsky ndi dolinyanskie. Dolinyansky wosweka pa kumadzulo (lematsky) ndi chakumadzulo (lishatsky kapena maramoroshsky). Lematsky chilankhulo wamba kumadzulo wa kumpoto kum'mawa Slovakia. Pa chilankhulo lishatskom analankhula Rusyns tikukhala mu gawo la Teresva Valley kum'mawa, kumadzulo kwa chigwa Rica.

Mu Transcarpathia mu Volovets ndi Mizhgirya m'madera anagawira Verkhovyna chilankhulo, omwe pali chinachake pakati ndi dolinyanskim boykovskim.

Lemko chilankhulo tsopano mu Slovakia kumbali yakum'mwera ya Carpathians. Ena Lemko amadziona Ukrainians ndi chinenero chawo - Chiyukireniya chilankhulo. gawo lina limatchula lenilenilo monga mtundu osiyana.

Features

chilankhulo Ruthenian, mbiri ya komwe kuli zachilendo maonekedwe, odzipereka kwambiri kwa mokoma, khalidwe la m'zilembo wamba m'madera malire.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mavawelo ndipo e, amene ankachitika mu chinenero wakale, ndipo ambiri a m'zilembo kumpoto. Mu podkarpatorusinskom "E" limachulidwa mofanananso mu Russian, ngati kuseri kwa icho pali consonant molimba (Nebo, Salo, derevo), koma ngati za mawu omwewo chinayang'ana anasintha kusintha khalidwe consonant phokoso. Chiyankhulo mu katchulidwe ake ali pafupi kutsogolo kumwamba, ndipo milomo yake anatambasula ngati mkokomo wa "ndi". Panopa chinenero articulation voteji, ndi za mawu "E" amakhala ndi phokoso zosiyana, phokoso ndi zolimba, yopapatiza, monga mwa mawu German kuona.

Komanso mitundu iwiri katchulidwe akhoza kukhala phokoso la "o". Mu Baibulo wabwinobwino, si wosiyana Russian kapena Czech "o", koma pamaso zilembo zofewa limachulidwa ndi milomo yaitali kumabweza mtanda pakati pa "o" ndi "u".
Labial zilembo "tsa", "b", "c", "mamita" mu podkarpatorusinskom ananena kuchepetsa, ngati mukufuna zofewa tafotokozazi pambuyo pawo "pa". Mano mavawelo "T", "D", "N" kutsogolo za mawu a si bwino mitigated, koma ndi theka-zofewa, koma "c" ndi "Z" zofewa.

liu lina

Popeza labial "mu" katchulidwe ndi yofewa, ndi pang'onopang'ono mbisoweka kwathunthu. zinkalankhulidwa onse Carpathian mawu oti "woyera" anatchedwa "syaty" mu dera la kumadzulo ndipo monga "syaty" mwa gulu kum'mawa kwa m'zilembo.

Koma kuti ndi phokoso "s" kusungidwa mosiyana "ndi". Kuyambira m'zilembo Chiyukireniya podkarpatorusinsky katchulidwe osiyana mawu kutsiriza ndi "ayu", mwachitsanzo: "Dawa" m'malo mwa "kupereka" ndi "znav" m'malo mwa "kudziwa" mu mochulukitsa ulamuliro munthu wachitatu anakhalabe (Davut, znavut).

Pano pali mbali zenizeni kwa Ruthenian: olembedwa mu zolemba ndi (olayiti, doyiti), pamaso pa zvuga T, kuphatikiza wapadera makalata "Ln" (chapamwamba, lachitatu). Vovratnye mawu mu chinenero amapangidwa ntchito particles "Xia", amene anawonjezera pambuyo akuti (nai ID ife akumwetulira kumbuyo). Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kuti kusiyanitsa chinenero Ruthenian.

History of kuzindikira

Monga tanena Subcarpathia anali kulamulidwa ndi Hungarians, ndipo mu 1939 chinenero Ruthenian imayendetsedwa ndi boma ntchito yake. Iwo ankakhulupirira Ruthenian madyaronov Russified Hungarians. nthawi iyi angatchedwe linalake mmene maluwa a chinenero Ruthenian: Publication "chinenero cha Ruthenian", mabuku, kusindikizidwa manyuzipepala ndi magazini. Komabe, mu 1944 pali kugwirizana Pidkarpatiya SSR ndi boma Soviet amaletsa ntchito chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro amene anali Rusyns. Iwo okha anazindikira yaing'ono mitundu gulu Ukraine, ndi chinenero chawo - ankalankhula, ngakhale kuti Yugoslavia ndi Rusyns anali kuboma monga anthu osiyana.

Dziko la Soviet Union

Only mu 1991, atagwa chikominisi, mayiko amene ali m'gulu la USSR, pang'onopang'ono anazindikira Rusyns monga anthu. Mu Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Romania ndi Russia Ruthenian anathandiza mu munda chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro, ndiponso zaka zoposa makumi awiri a Rusyns anazindikira Ukraine.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu akuti "Ruthenian" amadziwika kwa nthawi yaitali. Ngakhale mu Chronicle ethnonym ili mukuimira anthu a ku Russia. Mawu kasanu mu pangano pakati Oleg ndi Ahelene, chibwenzi 911g. Kuyambira 13 mpaka cha m'ma 18 wotchedwa Ukrainians ndi Belarusians. Mu Lithuania ndi Poland, pamene Rusyns kuitana wokhala aliyense yemwe ankati Orthodoxy ndipo anayankhula pa chinenero East Asilavo kapena chilankhulo (a Zitsulo Lithuanians ambiri anali Akatolika).

Mpaka 1945 panalibe adjectival "rusinsky" mmalo ntchito "Ruska" (choncho dzina la bukulo, "chinenero cha Ruthenian"). Nkhondo itatha, mawu akuti "Ruska" anapeza tanthauzo "Russian" imene chimasonyeza Ruthenian analankhula ndi zolembalemba.

Kuphunzira Ruthenian

Izi chachikale chinkawavuta chidwi adzachita kukopa tcheru. Pali nyimbo zambiri kuti ali adayimba Rusyns m'chinenero chawo, kuti, kwa starters, mukhoza kuyenda kwa iwo. Aliyense sing'anga chinenero East Asilavo sikovuta kuphunzira chinenero Ruthenian. Self Thandizo angapezeke pa zogwirizana zinthu zambiri, koma kuposa kuthandiza anthu ammudzi pa Intaneti zoyenera Ruthenian, amene kulankhula ndi kuchigwiritsa, ndipo phunzirani kwa iwo.

Komanso, kutenga ulendo, mungathere nthawi zina mu malo pamene iwo kulankhula Rusyn. Izi adzakupatsani kuyamba mofulumira kuphunzira chinenero, zidzathandiza kupukusa mbali phonetic. Koma pamaso Tikasenza maphunziro, m'pofunika kudziwa chilankhulo monga wamba zolembalemba Ruthenian akadali kulibe.