Veliky Novgorod, Court Yaroslav akuti: mubwereze, zizindikiro chidwi ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Court Yaroslav ndi ntchito - ndi wamkulu mapulani zovuta zisungidwe pa nthawi of Ancient Lazaro. Chinthu zimatetezedwa ndi boma ndi m'gulu mndandanda wa Heritage World la UNESCO.

pamene panali

zipilala ambiri mbiri zonse za Veliky Novgorod. Court Yaroslav a - chimodzi mwa zinthu wapadera osati mzinda koma lonse la Russia. Dzina la zovuta anapatsidwa dzina la Prince Yaroslav, kenako analamulira ku Kiev, pamene iye anapatsidwa dzina latsopano - Ngwanzeru zakuya. Mbiri yakale, pa gombe lamanja la mtsinje Volkhov ndi malonda mbali ya mzinda, kumene kuchokera nthawi makedzana zida amalonda ndi ikuchitika chindapusa veche.

Zida zofukulidwa zinkalosera pakalibe nyumba iliyonse, midzi kapena kuda kukhalapo anthu mu bwalo la dera la m'ma 10. Mu zaka za m'ma 11, Prince Yaroslav ankachitika nyumba, ndi zatsopano zomwe sinapite Europe. kafukufuku m'mabwinja ikuchitika zaka pambuyo nkhondo, amasonyeza kuti derali pakati pa St. Nicholas Cathedral ndi chipata nsanja, a Gostiny Dvor, anapeza kuda dera matabwa chinyumba chachikulu.

Mu Court Yaroslav ndi ntchito zofukulidwa motsogoleredwa ndi Professor AV Artsikhovsky, ndi mu maganizo ake, maziko anapeza mwina a zipinda za kalonga. ntchito mopitirira wakhala mothballed mpaka nthawi yabwino, pamene ofukula adzakhala ndi zida zabwino zimatsimikizira osati chitetezo cha chinthu, komanso kuthekera kwa kuphunzira zambiri.

kusankhidwa

Kumanga nyumba yachifumu, Prince Yaroslav anakapezeka pa chimake cha malonda Veliky Novgorod. Kungotchula yoyamba m'mbiri ya tsiku zovuta kumbuyo kwa chaka 1030, nthawi ili mzindawo unali mbali yofunika kwambiri pa njira wotukuka malonda ku Scandinavia ku Byzantium. M'mphepete mwa nyanja anatambasula zambiri kugula mlatho, kumene katundu yotsitsa nakocheza golide, nsalu, zonunkhira ndi zambiri anatambasula kuchokera pa dziko mu Veliky Novgorod.

Ndi Yaroslav Novgorod ankachitira ndi ulemu ndi chikondi. Popeza kulephera kulipira msonkho wapachaka ku Kiev kalonga, anthu kawiri anamuthandiza pankhondo ufumu wa Kiev ndipo pamapeto - onse tabwera naye chigonjetso. Mwina maganizo amenewa kwa kalonga ndi chifukwa moyandikana kwa anthu ndi kulankhulana zonse pa malonda wakale.

Yaroslav a Court, ena kuposa wamkulu ndi kugula kopita, kudzapereka, ndi ntchito malo, imene khamu anasonkhana Novgorod. Wu za misonkhano ina yaing'ono m'dera pafupi Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod. Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Komiti sanali kupita zonse anthu amoyo mu mzinda, koma oimira wolemekezeka mabanja, amatchedwa "300 golide lamba." Signal kuti zopereka anali ngati mukulephera belu msonkhano.

M'zaka 15 kuti anataya ufulu wodzilamulira Novgorod. Court Yaroslav a imadutsa cholowa kwa Prince Ivan III, amene akutenga khamu belu kwa Moscow ndi madera ukuyamba pa kwanu. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 16, pambuyo kuoneka Court yaikulu viceroys analandira dzina lachiwiri la "State".

Ndi belu ndi womangidwa nthano angapo. Pa mmodzi wa iwo, pa Valdai adaunyema masauzande ambirimbiri mabelu pang'ono, amene adakali amanyamula mbiri ya Novgorod mfulu kudzanso lonse. Ndi nthano chachiwiri, belu anakhazikitsidwa mu boma la Russia ndi Spassky Tower mu Moscow ndi tocsin imatiuza anthu za masoka. Nthawi ina moto, iye anagwa ndipo anathyola, kenako Peter Ine analamula wina mbali zake kuumba ina.

malo oonekera

Russian statehood limachokera ku Veliky Novgorod. Court Yaroslav pambuyo nthawi zina wakula ntchito Ancient - nsanja komwe amachita zinalengedwa, anachita malonda ndawala, ndi akutulukira wamalonda kalasi. Novgorod Torg ankalimbana ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu waukulu mu Europe ndi Asia. Ankachitika mtsinje wopita ndi njirazo bwino adamupondera takambiranazi amalonda Novgorod kudutsa Dnieper ndi Nyanja Black ku Constantinople ndi Perisiya, sanali kawirikawiri yaitali malonda ulendo England, Flanders, msika German. Kuti malonda zombo nakocheza Baltic ndi Nyanja White.

Malinga kupulumuka zikalata amadziwika kuti anthu a Novgorod anali kutukuka malonda ndi maiko akunja - kusunga pangano pa katundu ndi kugula, pa mgwirizano ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa, etc. amalonda Local analinso okhawo, pa alendo Novgorod zothetsera sizinachitike anagulitsa, amalonda okha zikugwira kukhazikitsa katundu kunja .. mu Russia.

Gostiny Dvor

Ancient Torg anali wotchuka osati katundu ena ndi zikuluzikulu ntchito ndalama, komanso malonda a katundu wa m'misili. zamanja Novgorod zinali zosiyanasiyana, makamaka apamwamba ndi mankhwala kwambiri luso zinali za siliva, chikuzika mu madera osiyana a dziko. Leatherworkers ulusi nsapato kwambiri, malamba, oyang'anira kavalo ndi nsalu wapadera ku thinnest n'kupanga chikopa, mitanda. Iwo anali wotchuka woumba, blacksmiths, akalipentala, amisiri.

Shopping m'madera anali mu mawonekedwe a misewu anathamangira ku mtsinje, aliyense anali dzina lakelake. Mndandanda chapakati Volkhov anadutsa kuzungulira Market Place ndipo itha pafupi ndi bwalo German. Masitolo ili muli yapamwamba kwambiri mtundu chapakati kugula msewu wotchedwa Wamkulu, ndipo mu mabuku mlandu anapatsidwa maina osiyana - aganyu, Sourozh kwambiri.

Kuyambira cha m'ma 17, ndi Kusinthanitsa akale anatembenukira kwa Gostiny Dvor, ndi kukhala choncho mpaka cha m'ma 20. Mu 1771 kwa Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri ndi mamembala a bwalolo kuti kuletsa yabwino linamangidwa "Kuyenda Palace", kumene inu mukhoza bwinobwino kumasuka ndi kusonkhanitsa mphamvu kuyenda zina kudutsa expanses wa Russia.

chimachititsanso totupa

Pambuyo World nkhondo II mapulani gulu loyimba wa Court Yaroslav ndi ntchito iye anali mu chikhalidwe chabwino. Chiwonongeko sanali zowawitsa ndipo kwambiri angathe kubwezeretsedwanso ndi chidwi. Wapadera Arcade wa Gostiny Dvor linali lathunthu ndipo panali shelling mu chidutswa chimodzi, monga mu nthawi ya kumanga ake. Koma ayambe adamfunsa mzinda, ndipo mu 1945, akuluakulu a boma anaganiza kumaliza disassembly wa lonse zovuta zakale.

Ntchito mofulumira inayamba mu 1947 ndipo mpaka 1953, pamene mu ndondomeko pakupita Academy of Sciences. Chifukwa chakuti asayansi, olemba mbiri, makamaka I. E. Grabarya, chiwonongeko cha chipilala wakale inaima. ndondomeko sanali kudya, ndi kokha mu 1956 anali athe kuwunika kuli kwakuti zomvetsa.

Kukuteteza boma

Iwo anawonongedweratu Gostiny Dvor kugula Arcade ili mu msewu pa May 1, ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya Arcade anakhalabe wawo. Zowawa ndi akachisi wakale - zipangizo yomanga kumanzere belu nsanja njerwa yopemphereramo wa Mpingo Mfundo ndi mpingo wa George zogulitsa.

Pambuyo kafukufuku anayamba zofukulidwa m'mabwinja, amene kudzera mwa zigawo zingapo milatho matabwa zaka osiyana, pakati pa St. Nicholas Cathedral ndi mpingo wa St. Paraskeva Lachisanu anapeza yazokonza pansi pa mafupa a ng'ombe.

Manda kupulumuka ali ndi chachikulu chikhalidwe mtengo ndi cholowa mbiri. Lero, iwo ali pansi pa chitetezero cha Boma gulu lonse la UNESCO. Pakuti aliyense wa zipilala kwambiri amadziwika ndi zofukulidwa ikuchitika nthawi iliyonse kupereka zipangizo zatsopano pofuna kuphunzira komanso kufufuza.

Cathedral mu Monomakh

The kukopa wamkulu Veliky Novgorod - Yaroslav Chimulu cha Dothi, pamene mpingo woyamba chinapangidwa ndi Prince Mstislav, wamkulu pa ana Vladimira Monomaha. Mpingo umapulumuka lero chikudziwika ngati St. Nicholas kapena St. Nicholas Cathedral Dvorischenskogo. yomanga ake kutengela mbuye ndi dzina la Peter. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti iye anali woyamba Russian wamanga, dzina adalowa m'bukuli.

The tchalitchi anamangidwanso kangapo pa zaka za moyo wake, koma ambuye nthawi zonse Pamilunguyo m'munsi akale, kusamala kuti atchule zaluso zosafunika mu mawonekedwe a nyumba. mpingo inamangidwa ngati analogue a kachisi wa Sofia, ntchito inatha mu 1113, koma opatulidwira zaka zambiri iŵiri. Mu ankagula ndi kugulitsa pa nthawi imeneyo zinali nyumba yoyamba anamanga mwala.

Kachisi wa apses ofanana atatu, wobvala Korona wa golidi mzikiti asanu cha mitu ya ophatikizidwa mphamvu ya kalonga. Cathedral Kumvetsela kalonga, anyalanyaza ulamuliro wa Bishop wa Novgorod. Malinga ndi mbiri, nkhani, kachisi anatentha nthawi zosachepera khumi ndi nthawi atachira. Kuyambira m'zaka 13 pafupi makoma kupita Komiti. M'zaka za zana lalikulu 17 kutsogolo kwa tchalitchi anali chokongoletsedwa ndi hexagonal belu nsanja, ndi ena amene alumikizidwa ndi makoma a nyumba Nikolsky Cathedral a atumwi 19.

Mu chimango cha nkhondo yolimbana ndi chipembedzo 30 ntchentche mpingo chinatsekedwa. Mu yochepa kuchokera 1945 mpaka 1962, St. Nicholas Cathedral anali applicable. Pambuyo kutsekera wotsatira izo aikidwa ndi kulongosola m'nyumbayi Novgorod anadzipereka zoti kuli Mulungu sayansi. The mzikiti inamangidwa mzinda planetarium. Kusintha kapangidwe zachuma watumikira monga chiyambi cha ntchito kubwezeretsa, amene wapereka ndalama Zatsopano Hanseatic League.

kumanga kachisi

Court Yaroslav ku Novgorod kulikonda akachisi angapo wakale. Mpingo wa Akukwera anaikidwa pokumbukira asilikali Novgorod amene anafa mu kampeni zinalephereka mu Suzdal. The E cha m'kachisi okondedwa Prince Vsevolod, yomanga inatha mu 1144. Novgorod anasunga pokumbukira akufa, anaukitsa kachisi pambuyo moto ambiri, nampatsa dzina chachiwiri - ". Mfundo mbuzi ndevu" Dzinali kugwirizana ndi moyandikana wa mpingo ndi m'dera limene malonda kunachitidwa mbuzi, akavalo ndi ziweto zina.

Pafupi ndi tchalitchi cha Akukwera pali mpingo umodzi, kumeneko adafuna atsikana osakwatiwa amene anabwera ku Novgorod. Court Yaroslav a imakongoletsa mpingo wa St. Paraskeva-Lachisanu, amene zomangamanga ndi zimasiyana makachisi ena. Saint Paraskeva-Lachisanu kumabweretsa mwai pa nkhani zamalonda. Mpingo woyamba wa matabwa inamangidwa 1156, zaka pa malo anatentha kumanga amalonda kunja ndaika mpingo mwala.

Kanafotokoza milandu 15 ya moto, kenako kachiwiri mosamala omanga. zomangamanga wakale anatsegula choyamba kubwezeretsa pambuyo nkhondo. Mwa zigawo za pulasitala kuyeretsa zomangamanga, chibwenzi ku zaka 13-14, nakhalabe pa chimphika wa mpingo cha m'ma 18. Anthu a St. Paraskeva-Lachisanu kachisi wachita kale akutchedwa mpingo "m'mphambano zana ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri" womwe ndi zenizeni. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati mtsikana wosakwatiwa ndidzadutsa izo kuzungulira bwalo katatu ndithu posachedwapa kukwatiwa.

ogula syrkovoy

Woyambitsa wa mayina Moscow yotchuka ya amalonda syrkovoy - Ivan Syrkov, ine ndinabadwa ndipo kudziunjikira likulu kuti bids (Veliky Novgorod). Yaroslav a Court nkhawa anali mizu mu 1510 Myrrhbearers matabwa mpingo. Pambuyo yaikulu moto zimene zinachitika mu 1541 pa malo a nyumba yopsereza kumanga mpingo mwala. Mu mwambo wa mipingo Moscow anakhazikitsako pa mwala chapansi, kumene mfundo kusungidwa mu Novgorod mipingo kosungira awa sali anamanga.

Kachisi ndi lalikulu chapansi pansi anali Myrrhbearers mpingo, malinga ndi malipoti ena Ivan Grozny anali kumeneko nthawi gawo la chuma chake. Mbali zonse ndi masitepe matabwa, anakonza pafupi wina ndi khonde kuti m'zipinda za pamwamba pa nyumba. Tsopano pa yosanja pali Ana Cultural Centre.

Analamulidwa ndi Dmitriya Syrkova mu 1529 mu Court Yaroslav a anamanga yaing'ono mpingo Procopius kutalika kwa storeys atatu. The awiri a iwo - ndi m'chipinda chapansi ndi chapansi mkulu. Kamangidwe nyumba unakopedwa Moscow ndi Pskov miyambo mapulani kufotokoza ndi arches keeled, chokongoletsedwa ndi wapakamwa wa mpingo.

chipata nsanja

M'zaka linakhalapo, zojambulidwa ambiri adawazindikira Court Yaroslav a (Veliky Novgorod). History Chipata Tower limatchula nthawi imene Peter Ine analamula kuyala Gostiny Dvor. akuimanga mu m'ma 17 anakhala Umuna Efimov ndi Guri Vakhromeev. Chipata nsanja anali mbali ya zovuta lalikulu. Ndi atatu-storey nyumba, osiyanasiyana pakati pa awiri lonse kuyenda zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso denga ilipo hipped denga dongosolo kumanzere mbali izo adjoins belu nsanja kamodzi Wochokera kwa otayika kachisi kale.

Kwa nthawi yaitali ankaona vechevoj Chipata nsanja, koma Kafukufuku anatsutsa izi mphekesera chosatha. nyumbayo munali zosiyanasiyana mabungwe, kuchokera ana amasiyewo kwa Archive, ndipo masiku ano anasonyeza zosemasema analengedwa mu njira ya luso akuponya zitsulo.

Zambiri zosonkhanitsira limeneli ziwiya mpingo ndi makhalidwe mpatuko. Pali waima pa kachisi, mtanda, reliquaries, ziwiya mpingo, zithunzi, ambuye mankhwala a kupembedza Old Okhulupirira ndi zina zambiri. Chipata nsanja anakonza nsanja kuonera lomwe limafotokoza maganizo zazikulu za mbali Sofia mumzindawo.

adiresi

Alendo ambiri mukufuna kukaona Wamkulu Novgorod. Court Yaroslav, pamodzi ndi Detinets, ndi malo ambiri anapita. Pa gawo la amakambirana ndi gulu loyimba a Court ndipo anasunga oposa khumi wakale nyumba mapulani.

Mu kukula kwa zovuta, pali zizindikiro za posachedwapa mbiri. Chipilala kwa ungwazi wa asilikali Soviet moyo imeneyi mbiri ya Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. The chipilala kuti khalidwe lodziwika bwino Sadko komanso chidwi alendo chidwi. Kuti chizindikiro kubwezeretsedwa kwa Hanseatic League of amalonda ndi membala izo Novgorod, lovuta 2009, chikumbutso chizindikiro.

Court Yaroslav a (Veliky Novgorod) ali otsatirawa adiresi: St. Nicholas Street Omanga 3 (malonda mbali).