Aliyense mchitidwe amatha kupanga chinthu yosavuta kukhala mu mkhalidwe ufulu. Mmenemonso, kayendedwe ka maatomu ndinu yemweyo, ali symmetrical. Mu zinthu zovuta zinthu zambiri zovuta. Nsinga mankhwala mu nkhani iyi, asymmetric, zovuta mamolekyulu mu mankhwala zovuta anapanga zomangira covalent.
Kodi zikutanthauzanji makutidwe ndi okosijeni
Pali mankhwala amenewa imene ma elekitironi ali omangidwa anagawira ngati n'kotheka, i.e. pa mapangidwe zinthu zovuta ma elekitironi valence kusuntha kwa atomu kuti atomu. Ndi lafalitsidwa m'goli zinthu zovuta otchedwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Kupangidwa ndi kuyang'anira atomu mu molekyulu otchedwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthuzo. Malinga a kulanda elekitironi ku atomu imodzi yosiyanitsa pakati digiri zoipa kapena zabwino. Mulimonsemo zochita kubwerera mchitidwe atomu ma elekitironi angapo kwaiye ankalemekeza zabwino ndi zoipa makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma mankhwala zinthu (E E + kapena -). Mwachitsanzo, munthu mbiri K zikutanthauza atomu potaziyamu amatumiza elekitironi imodzi. Mu aliyense pawiri organic chapakati zatenga mpweya maatomu. The valency wa mchitidwe wa limafanana 4-mamita mu mpanda, koma mankhwala osiyana mpweya mlingo makutidwe ndi okosijeni adzakhala osiyana, zidzakhala wofanana -2, +2, ± 4. chikhalidwe ichi cha makhalidwe osiyana valence ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni zimawonedwa pafupifupi aliyense olowa.
Kuona mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni
Kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni, m'pofunika kudziwa postulates ofunika. Zitsulo sangathe amakhala opanda, koma pali kuchotserapo kawirikawiri pamene zitsulo ndipamene pawiri ndi zitsulo. Mu nthawi dongosolo gulu chiwerengero cha maatomu limafanana ndi zotheka mulingo wapamwamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni: mpweya, mpweya, haidrojeni, ndi wina aliyense. Electronegative atomu ndi kusamutsidwa kwa wina ndi mzake atomu elekitironi amalandira kuyang'anira -1, -2, etc. ma elekitironi awiri lamulo ili sichiri maatomu chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, kulankhulana HH zidzakhala wofanana 0. Communication C-H = -1. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mpweya mu C-D = + 2. Limodzi ndi mtengo womwewo wa zitsulo ndi magulu loyamba ndi lachiwiri la dongosolo zodziwitsa ndi fluoro (-1). Pa mlingo wa wa hydrogen pafupifupi mankhwala onse ndi +1 kupatula hydrides imene ndi -1. Kwa zinthu ndi mmene sanali zonse n'zotheka kuwerengera, podziwa chilinganizo pawiri. Ulamuliro zofunika, limanena kuti ndalama madigiri mu molekyulu aliyense 0.
Chitsanzo cha kuwerengetsa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni
Taonani mawerengedwe a mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuti mpweya mu Chitsanzo CH3CL pawiri. Tengani momwe ziriri: mlingo wa wa hydrogen ndi +1, Y -1 chlorine. Pakuti mayiko, tidzakhalanso kuganiza × kuwerengetsa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mpweya. Ndiye, chifukwa CH3CL zidzachitika aone kuti pali × + 3 * (+ 1) + (- 1) = 0. Kuchita kumodzi ntchito masamu, izo zikhoza anatsimikiza kuti mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni mpweya adzakhala +2. Motere mukhoza kuwerengetsera aliyense amafotokozera mu pawiri zovuta.