The nzeru za China wakale: a achidule ndi nkhani. Nzeru ya India wakale ndi China

Tikupereka ndi nzeru za China wakale, mwachidule. nzeru Chinese ali ndi mbiri kukuchitika kumbuyo zaka zikwi zingapo. magwero amaganizira Bukhu la Kusintha, ndi onena zachipatala wakale wa ula, chibwenzi ku 2800 BC, kumene iwo anapatsidwa zina mwa zinthu chachikulu nzeru ya Chinese. M'badwo wa nzeru Chinese akhoza Akuti ziri chabe (maluwa ake choyamba, zambiri amatchedwa 6 m'ma BC), monga kunayamba miyambo ya pakamwa ya Neolithic. M'nkhani ino mungapeze kodi nzeru ya China wakale, mwachidule yodziwa sukulu zikuluzikulu ndi masukulu a maganizo.

Cholinga cha nzeru ya East wakale (China) kwa zaka kuika nkhawa othandiza munthu ndi anthu, mafunso okhudza mmene amayendera anthu, momwe tingakhalire moyo wangwiro. Ethics ndi nzeru ndale zambiri anatenga kuposa metaphysics ndi epistemology. Mbali ina ya nzeru Chinese munaganizapo chikhalidwe ndi abwino, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale yonena za umodzi wa munthu ndi Kumwamba, nkhani ya malo munthu mu chilengedwe ndi.

masukulu anai wamaganizo

Anayi sukulu makamaka otchuka a ganizo anatuluka mu nyengo yakale wa mbiri Chinese unayamba pafupifupi 500 BC Iwo anali Chikomfyushani, Daoism (zambiri walembedwa monga "Chitao"), monism ndi Mwalamulo. Pamene China adalunzanitsidwa Qin Mafumu mu 222 BC, Mwalamulo Analeredwa monga nzeru ndi boma. Mafumu a malemu Han (206 BC - 222 AD) anatenga Chitao, ndipo kenako mozungulira 100 BC - Chikomfyushani. sukuluzi anali maziko a chitukuko cha ganizo Chinese mpaka m'ma 20. nzeru Chibuda kuti anatuluka mu 1 m'ma BC, chimagwiritsidwa kufalitsa m'zaka 6 (makamaka nthawi ya ulamuliro wa pa Mafumu Tang).

Mu nthawi ya mafakitale mu nthawi nzeru yathu ya East wakale (China) wakula ndi monga malingaliro otengedwa nzeru kumadzulo, chimene chinali chinthu chaku wamakono. Mu ulamuliro wa Marxism Mao, ndipo Stalinism, ndi zina chikominisi mfundo anakhala ambiri China kumtunda. Hong Kong ndipo Taiwan kuti nakhalanso chidwi mu malingaliro Confucius. Boma panopa Republic of China amathandiza malingaliro lamadyerero msika. Philosophy Ancient China mwachidule m'munsimu.

zikhulupiriro oyambirira

Pa chiyambi cha Mafumu Shang ankaganiza zinali zochokera maganizo zisadzachitikenso, chifukwa cha kuonerera mwachindunji chilengedwe: kusintha kwa usana ndi usiku, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi likunka ndi Ukuchepa Mphamvu ya mwezi. lingaliro likugwiritsidwa zogwirizana m'mbiri Chinese. Mu ulamuliro wa Shang tsoka akhoza kusamalira mulungu wamkulu Shang Di kumasuliridwa mu Russian - ". Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse" Kupembedza mizimu ya makolo analipo komanso monga nsembe ya nyama ndi anthu.

Pamene mafumu Shang anagwetsedwa ndi Zhou mafumu, panali latsopano ndale, chipembedzo ndi nzeru zaumunthu mfundo "lamulo la Kumwamba". Malinga ndi iye, ngati wolamulira si zizigwirizana malo ake, zikhoza unagonjetsedwa ndi m'malo ndi wina, yabwino. zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kuti nthawi amasonyeza ponso kulemba ndi tsankho achire ku kukhulupirira Shang Di. Kulambira makolo zinali ponseponse, monga anthu anayamba boma.

sukulu mazana

Padziko 500 BCE, pambuyo boma Zhou wofooka, anadza tingachipeze powerenga nthawi nzeru za Chinese (pafupifupi nthawi kuti panali woyamba akatswiri achigiriki). nthawi Ichi chikudziwika ngati Schools Chikwi. A masukulu ambiri anakhazikitsa pa nthawi ino, ndipo m'nthawi wotsatira wa chikumenyana States, zinayi otchuka anali Chikomfyushani, Chitao, Mwalamulo ndi moizm. Panthawi imeneyi, akukhulupirira kuti Kofutsy analemba "mapiko Khumi" ndi mndandanda wa ndemanga pa Ine Ching.

nyengo Imperial

Woyambitsa wa yochepa ankakhala Qin Mafumu (221-206 BC) ogwirizana China pansi pa ulamuliro wa mfumu ndi kukhazikika Mwalamulo ndi nzeru za nduna. Li XI, anayambitsa Mwalamulo ndi Chancellor a mfumu yoyamba ya Qin Mafumu Qin Shi Huang, anamuitana kupondereza ufulu wa kulankhula ndi luntha kuti asonkhanitse maganizo ndi zikhulupiriro za ndale ndi kuwotcha ntchito zonse tingachipeze powerenga za mbiri nzeru, ndi ndakatulo. Only Li XI mabuku sukulu anali kuloledwa. Atatsiriza atanyengedwa asayansi awiri, anamulonjeza moyo wautali, Qin Shi Huang m'manda wamoyo 460 masikolala. Mwalamulo kukhala kukopa kwake bola ngati mafumu a malemu Han (206 BC - 222 AD) sanamvere Chitao, ndipo kenako mozungulira 100 BC, - Chikomfyushani monga chiphunzitso cha boma. Komabe, Chitao ndi Chikomfyushani sanali mphamvu zikuluzikulu ganizo Chinese mpaka m'ma 20. M'zaka 6 (makamaka nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mafumu Tang) nzeru Chibuda wakhala konsekonse anazindikira, makamaka chifukwa cha kufanana ndi Chitao. Kuti pa nthawi anali nzeru za China wakale, mwachidule pamwamba.

Chikomfyushani

Chikomfyushani - ziphunzitso gulu la tchire Confucius, amene anakhalako m'zaka 551-479. BC

Philosophy Ancient China, konfutsianstvo mwachidule akhoza ankaimira motere. Ndi dongosolo zovuta za makhalidwe abwino, chikhalidwe, andale ndi achipembedzo maganizo, amene kwambiri mbiri ya chitukuko Chinese. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti Chikomfyushani anali chipembedzo cha boma la Imperial China. malingaliro Confucius zikugwirizananso ndi chikhalidwe cha China. Mencius (zana la 4 BC) ankakhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi ulemu kuti tiyenera kuyesetsa kukhala nalo kukhala "zabwino". Sun Tszy anaona uthunthu monga analandira choipa, koma kuti mwa kudziletsa ndi kudzikonda kukonza n'kukhala khalidwe labwino.

Confucius sanafune kuti anapeza chipembedzo chatsopano, iye ankafuna yekha kutanthauzira ndi kutsitsimutsa ndi chipembedzo akamuuze Zhou Mafumu. Dongosolo wakale wa ulamuliro chipembedzo wotopa yokha: Chifukwa milungu kulola mavuto ndi kupanda chilungamo? Koma ngati si mizimu mtundu ndi chikhalidwe, kodi maziko khola, yunifolomu ndiponso chokhalitsa kuti chikhalidwe? Confucius kuti uku ndi maziko mfundo zomveka, akuyendera Komabe, Zhou chipembedzo, miyambo yake. Iye sanali kutanthauzira miyambo izi monga nsembe kwa milungu koma ngati mwambo kuti kutchula kutukuka ndi chikhalidwe Pantchito za khalidwe. Iwo ophatikizidwa kwa iye pakati koyenela wa anthu Chinese. Mawu akuti "mwambo" m'gulu miyambo chikhalidwe - ulemu ndi malamulo analandira khalidwe - chimene ife Tsopano itanani zodyera. Confucius ankakhulupirira kuti yekha Chitukuko akhoza kukhala wolimba ndi cholimba ndondomeko. The nzeru za China wakale, masukulu ndi maganizo ndi ziphunzitso za ambiri anatengedwa kuchokera Chikomfyushani.

Chitao

Chitao - ndi:

1) sukulu wamaganizo, zochokera malemba a Tao Te Ching (Lao-tzu) ndi Zhuangzi;

2) Chinese chipembedzo wowerengeka.

"Tao" amatanthauza "njira" koma mu chipembedzo ndi nzeru za China ndi mawu anatenga tanthauzo chabe. The nzeru za China wakale, kufotokoza mwachidule amene m'nkhani ino, ndinaphunzira zambiri maganizo a lingaliro ili zodabwitsa komanso yooneka ngati yosavuta a "njira".

Yin ndi yang ndi zinthu zisanu chiphunzitso

Sizikudziwika pamene lingaliro mfundo ziwiri Yin ndi Yang, mwina izo zinayambira mu nthawi ya nzeru wakale Chinese. Yin ndi Yang - mfundo awiri amene mogwirizana ndipamene zinthu zonse phenomenal ndi kusintha mu mlengalenga. Yang - mfundo yogwira, ndi Yin - chabe. zinthu zina, monga usana ndi usiku, kuwala ndi mdima, ntchito ndi passivity, chachimuna ndi chachikazi, ndi ena ndi chinyezimiro cha Yin ndi Yang. Pamodzi, zinthu izi awiri amapanga mogwirizana ndi maganizo mogwirizana imakhudzanso mankhwala, zojambulajambula, masewera a karati, ndi cikhalidwe la China. The nzeru za China wakale, sukulu ya ganizo komanso odzipereka lingaliro.

Yin-Yang mfundo amaganizira chiphunzitso cha zinthu zisanu, amene anafotokoza zochitika zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chifukwa cha osakaniza zinthu zisanu zofunika kapena wothandizila danga: nkhuni, moto, lapansi, zitsulo ndi madzi. The nzeru za China wakale (mwachidule ananyamuka chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'nkhaniyi) kwenikweni zikuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyana.

mwamalamulo

Mwalamulo amatenga mizu mu malingaliro nzeru zapamwamba Chinese Xun Zi (310-237 BC.), Ndani adakhulupirira kuti mfundo zikuyenela anafunika kulamulira zilakolako zoipa wa munthu. Han Fei (280-233 BC.) Kukhala lingaliro ili mu nzeru wanzeru opondereza ndale zochokera pa mfundo yakuti munthu akufuna kupewa chilango ndiponso kukwaniritsa dyera chifukwa anthu ali ndi odzikonda ndi zoipa. Choncho ngati anthu kuyamba kusonyeza momasuka zizoloŵezi awo achilengedwe, izo zidzapangitsa kuti mikangano ndi mavuto. Mkulu ayenera kukhala mphamvu yawo mothandizidwa ndi zigawo zitatu:

1) lamulo kapena mfundo;

2) njira, njira, ndinu

3) The umayenda, mphamvu, wachikoka.

Lamulo ayenera kwambiri kulanga olakwa ndi ochita iwo ayenera. Mwalamulo anasankhidwa kuti nzeru ya Mafumu Qin (221-206 BC.), The woyamba United China. Mosiyana mwachilengedwe chisokonezo Chitao ndi Chikomfyushani, Mwalamulo ukoma amaona zofunikira za lamulolo wochuka kuposa ena. chiphunzitso cha ndale mu nthawi wankhanza wa m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC.

Azamalamulo ankakhulupirira kuti boma ayenera musanyengedwe ndi achipembedzo zolinga zanu sizingatheke la "mwambo" ndi "anthu." Mu lingaliro lawo kuyesa kusintha moyo m'dziko kudzera maphunziro zikuyenela malangizo ali silingayende bwino. M'malo mwake, anthu amafunika boma lamphamvu ndi malamulo zikuluzikulu malamulo, komanso mu polisi, zimene amafuna atakhala ndi tsankho zoletsedwa ndi malamulo modetsa kulanga olakwa. Woyambitsa wa Qin mafumu, namsenza mfundo izi opondereza chiyembekezo mkulu, poganiza kuti ulamuliro wa ufumuwo udzakhala mpaka kalekale.

Chibuda

Nzeru ya India wakale ndi China ndi zambiri zofanana. Ngakhale Chibuda unachokera mu India, zinali zofunika kwambiri China. Akukhulupirira kuti Chibuda anaonekera China pa Mafumu Han. Pafupi zaka mazana atatu kenako, mu ulamuliro wa East Jin Mafumu (317-420 gg.), Iye anakumana ndi kuphulika mu kutchuka. Pa zaka mazana atatu, olimbikitsa Chibuda munkakhala atsopano, anthu woyendayendawu ku chakum'mawa ndi ku Central Asia.

M'lingaliro, Chibuda sanayambe anatengedwa mu China. Osachepera, osati mu mawonekedwe a chinthu Indian. Nzeru ya India wakale ndi China adakali kwambiri kusiyana. Nthano muli nkhani za Amwenye, monga Bodhidharma, amene anabzala zosiyanasiyana Chibuda ku China, koma pali munene pang'ono mwa iwo la kusapeŵeka kwa kusintha, amene umamvera chiphunzitso pamene kusuntha pa nthaka yachilendo, makamaka ngati wolemera, mmene China anali pa nthawi imeneyo mu ulemu nzeru zaumunthu lingaliro.

Ena mbali ya Indian Chibuda anali zovuta kuzimvetsa othandiza Chinese malingaliro. Ndi mwambo wake wa moyo wosasangalala tinalandira kwa Hindu ganizo, Indian Chibuda mosavuta za mtundu Malipilo mtsogolo anapereka kusinkhasinkha (kusinkhasinkha tsopano, afikire Nirvana kenako).

The Chinese, pansi pa mphamvu ya mwambo kulimbikitsana khama ndi wosangalala zosowa zofunika, sakanakhoza kuvomereza ichi ndi makhalidwe ena amene ankaoneka lodabwitsa ndipo analibe nazo tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma pokhala anthu othandiza, ambiri a iwo anaona ndi zina zabwino za chiBuddha mu ulemu wa anthu ndi anthu.

Nkhondo ya Akalonga Eyiti - nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati pa akalonga ndi mafumu a Jin mafumu mu nthawi ya 291 306 Pa zaka zonsezi, anthu woyendayendawu kumpoto China, ku Manchuria kum'mawa kwa Mongolia, anthu ambiri akhala m'gulu m'gulu la asilikali aganyu ..

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mlingo wa chikhalidwe ndale China wakhala utachepa ndinasintha nakhalanso ziphunzitso za Lao Tzu ndi Chuang Tzu, pang'onopang'ono ndinazolowera ganizo Chibuda. Chibuda, amene anaonekera mu India, mu China ankaona osiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo Nagarjuna. Nagarjuna (150-250 AD.), Indian wafilosofi, otchuka Chibuda woganiza pambuyo Gautama Buddha yekha. chopereka Aika nzeru Chibuda anali kukhala mfundo sunyata (kapena "voids") monga mchitidwe Chibuda akamabadwa gnoseology ndi phenomenology. Pambuyo yoti kuti China Sunyata mfundo linasinthidwa ku "Unkafuna" kuti "Chinachake alipo" mchikakamizo cha chikhalidwe Chinese lingaliro la Lao Tzu ndi Chuang Tzu.

moizm

Nzeru wakale China (mwachidule) moizm zochokera Mauzy nzeru zapamwamba (470-390 BC.), Amene anathandiza kufalitsa lingaliro la chikondi chonse, kuyanjana kwa anthu onse. Mauzy ankakhulupirira kuti zimene matchalitchi akuphunzitsa ndi maganizo, kuti anthu amafunika kuwatsogolera kudziwa miyambo zovomerezeka. Mu moizm makhalidwe abwino sanalemberetu mwa mwambo, zikuoneka chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi utilitarianism, kufuna zabwino za chiwerengero chachikulu. Mu moizm ankakhulupirira kuti boma - chida kupereka malangizo ndiponso kulimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa makhalidwe chikhalidwe kupindulitsa chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu. Activities monga kuimba ndi kuvina, ankatengedwa yopanda phindu kuti akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito yothandiza anthu ndi chakudya ndi pogona. Mohists analenga zawo mwadongosolo dongosolo ndale ndi moyo modzichepetsa, wamakhalidwe wokonda moyo wodzimana, nachita maloto ake. Iwo anali ndi mtundu uliwonse wa ofuna kukhulupirira mphamvu ya umulungu wa kumwamba (Tien), zomwe asathabusa makhalidwe oipa.

Mwaphunzira amene amaimira nzeru za China wakale (chidule). Pakuti kumvetsetsa kokwanira kwambiri zikusonyeza kwambiri yodziwa lililonse sukulu payokha. Features nzeru za wakale Chinese anali zafotokozedwa mwachidule pamwamba. Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi wakuthandizani kumvetsa mfundo zikuluzikulu ndipo anatsimikizira kukhala zothandiza inu.