Malingaliro a nkhani: lingaliro ndi katundu

Kuweta mfundo za nzeru - vuto ndi mzimu. Idealists ndi materialists ndi matanthauzo osiyana tanthauzo lake, koma amavomereza kuti cholinga kuli kanthu. Ndi maziko thupi la dziko. Pankhaniyi, anthanthi kuti malingaliro a nkhani - kayendedwe, malo ndi nthawi. Oterewa zomwenso ake ndi kulunjika.

maganizo

The tanthauzo nthanthi ya nkhani limanena kuti mtundu uwu cholinga chenicheni, onse amene alipo payekhapayekha chikumbumtima anthu. Kanthu, zikhumbo, mitundu ya kukhalapo amene m'nkhani, limanenedwa ngati zosiyana ndi mzimu. Iwo ophatikizapo ndi zopanda moyo zonse, mosiyana ndi moyo weniweniwo, moyo. Nzeru za anthu, kaya ndi kuwamva monga akamanena za, odziwika bwino ndi mphamvu, koma lofotokozabe makhalidwe ake, mosasamala podziwa ake. Choncho nkhani cholinga.

Maphunziro azachilengedwe conceptualize chikhalidwe ndi udindo wa nkhaniyi kukhalapo. Anafunsa za tanthauzo la nkhaniyi zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa mumaganiza awiri lonse mu nzeru: chomwe ndi chuma. Mbali yoyamba, akukhulupirira kuti chikumbumtima ndi nkhani za pulaimale ndi sekondale. Nkhani yachiwiri amaonedwa kuti mfundo yoyamba ya moyo. Nkhani alipo mu zosiyanasiyana wopandamalire, ali katundu ambiri ndi makhalidwe, dongosolo lawo ndi ntchito. Koma mawu lonse, pali makhalidwe chilengedwe kanthu. Komabe, pamaso panali crystallization maganizo za katundu wa nkhaniyi, nzeru yafika kutali kuganiza za chikhalidwe cha zodabwitsazi.

Evolution maganizo

Philosophy unakhazikitsidwa ngati malo womvetsa zinthu monga wokhalapo, kanthu. Cholinga makhalidwe dziko anakhala nkhani za aphunzitsi chinyezimiro kalelo. Woyambitsa wa dongosolo loyamba maganizo pa chikhalidwe ndi udindo wa mayi panali Greece dzina Thales. Iye ananena kuti mfundo yaikulu ya moyo ndi madzi ngati zenizeni zakuthupi. Iye anali kuyenda, kusintha dziko la mosalekeza katundu wawo ntchito. Iye amakhoza kusintha mawonekedwe, koma chofunikira wake sizinasinthe. Madzi ndi odziwika bwino akadzera mu mphamvu, ndi kusinthika ake comprehended chifukwa. Choncho Thales ananena kuzipenya woyamba za cholinga chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyo lonse ake.

Kenako, Heraclitus ndi Parmenides kumvetsa makhalidwe cholinga cha umunthu, kuika mafunso ambiri atsopano. Malingaliro a Democritus, chiphunzitso chakuti atomiki anakhala gwero la kusinkhasinkha gululi monga khalidwe chenicheni chokhalira. Vuto la chitsutso cha zolengedwa abwino ndi zinthu anaonekera kuyamika Plato. kanthu mu dziko chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa maganizo ndi vuto. Ndiyeno pali yofunika ontological funso: kodi nkhaniyi? Izi funso zambiri ganizo Aristotle zoyenera. Iye analemba nkhani - ndi sensually anazindikira mankhwala substratum a chinthu chilichonse.

Mu zaka zingapo zotsatira, kukambirana za nkhaniyo anali kokha mu nkhani ya nkhondo pakati pa mfundo chuma ndipo n'zosatheka. Only zikamera wa sayansi kamodzinso anapanga mwamsanga kusinkhasinkha za tanthauzo la nkhaniyi. Pansi ayamba kumvetsa cholinga chenicheni kuti alipo malinga ndi malamulo yake popanda kudalira nzeru anthu. Anzeruwo, kudalira asayansi atulukira anayamba kumvetsa katundu ndi mawonekedwe a dziko cholinga. Lidzatero katundu zinthu monga kutalika, inertia, misa, indivisible, impermeability. More zinthu zatsopano mu sayansi anadzetsa makope mfundo nthanthi monga munda, ma elekitironi ndi m. P. Zambiri nkhaniyi nzeru kukhala malo zofunika za kulingalira. Atulukira sayansi amakono akatidzadza ndi kuwonjezera mfundo izi mu maphunziro azachilengedwe ndi, mfundo zatsopano za katundu ndi kapangidwe ka nkhani. Lero ayamba kufunika kwa vuto la malumikizanidwe mfundo "kanthu" ndipo "mphamvu."

katundu

Pofotokoza nkhaniyi nzeru ena kupitirira kufotokoza katundu wake. Zimenezi zimathandiza kumvetsa mfundo ya chodabwitsa lapansi. Chuma chachikulu cha nkhani - ndi Kudziwa linakhalapo. Sizisintha mawonekedwe ake ndi katundu mu maganizo a anthu ndi popanda izo, ndi phunziro kwa malamulo a kukhalapo. A katundu chachiwiri malangizo zili mu "nkhani" Liwu ndi mwadongosolo. Nkhani amakhala ndi mtima mwadongosolo ndi structural. katundu wina chilengedwe nkhani - ntchito. Ndi nkhani kusintha ndi chitukuko, ali mphamvu. Komanso nkhaniyi ndi luso achilendo bungwe ndi kusinkhasinkha. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri imatchedwa informativeness. Iwo amatha kusunga ndi kupereka mfundo za chiyambi chake, chitukuko, dongosolo.

katundu Universal akatswiri nkhani amakhulupirira indestructibility ake, ndipo sangathe kulengedwa. Iwo sangakhoze kuchotsera kapena kuwonjezera njira kwa munthu, dziko sasowa. Mayi alibe chiyambi kapena mapeto, izo sichinapangidwe ndi aliyense, chiyambi ndi sichidzatha. An katundu zofunika za nkhani Determinism ake, zinthu zonse ndi zinthu za m'dzikoli amadalira ubale structural mkati mwake. Chirichonse mu dziko zinthu umamumvera malamulo cholinga, zonse ali ndi zotsatira. Wapadera nkhani - ndi chinthu china chapadera. Dziko lapansi silingathe kukhala awiri zinthu zofanana, wachina chilichonse ali zikuchokera wapadera. Kuwonjezera katundu awa a nkhani zigwire makhalidwe zopatsa chibadidwe izo, mosaganizira mtundu wa kukhalapo. Katundu makhalidwe a nkhani ndi phunziro - malo ofunika nzeru za makono.

malingaliro

Nkhani ya maphunziro azachilengedwe ndi epistemology nkhani. Zambiri ndi katundu wa nthawi zonse iye, konsekonse, kaya mawonekedwe a kukhalapo. Agiriki akale anaona kuti nkhaniyo ndi achilendo kuyenda. Pano tili mu malingaliro osati gulu thupi, koma osakhalitsa wosefukira izo mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake.

Nkhani wosatha mu nthawi, chifukwa alibe koyamba chiyambi ndi mapeto mfundo. Komanso, ali wopanda malire mu mbali okhudza malo. M'mbuyo nzeru ena a makhalidwe chilengedwe cha nkhaniyi anawatsogolera kudziwa zotsatira zake zazikulu. Paokha pali dongosolo wake, amenenso lonse m'munsi katundu. makhalidwe chifungulo cha nkhani - kayendedwe, malo ndi nthawi, ndi nkhani ya mozama kusanthula ndi akatswiri chinyezimiritso.

kapangidwe

The nzeru ena a masiku amakedzana zikutipatsa mafunso ofunika: Kodi nkhaniyi, kaya ali wopandamalire, kuchokera kumene anachokera? Kuchokera akufufuzabe Ndinabadwa maphunziro azachilengedwe, zomwe wolungama kuli makhalidwe wapadera wa nkhaniyo. Komanso anakonza maziko ongolankhula imene Masiku dzina zotsatira za nkhaniyi. Koma yankho loyamba la funso wa matabwa ake zapatsidwa koma monga mbali ya nzeru wakale Greek. Atomiki chiphunzitso cha Democritus ankanena kuti nkhani wapangidwa ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono - maatomu, amene sakhoza samaoneka ndi maso aumunthu ndi chimene kulibe danga ufulu. Maatomu ndi zikutsatiridwa, koma zinthu zimene iwo yagawidwa, variable mofewa.

Mkubwela kwa malingaliro sayansi za kapangidwe ka nkhani zasintha, malingaliro a moyo ndi zinthu zopanda, omwe ali dongosolo yake. World zopanda moyo tichipeza milingo amenewa particles, maatomu, zinthu mankhwala, mamolekyulu, mayiko, mayiko dongosolo, nyenyezi, nyenyezi, galactic dongosolo. Wildlife tichipeza maselo, zidulo ndi mapuloteni zolengedwa multicellular anthu biocenosis ndi biosphere. nzeru ena anayambitsa mfundo kanthu chikhalidwe, imene dongosolo kumaphatikizapo mtundu, banja, fuko gulu, umunthu.

Chitukuko cha sayansi kwachititsa kuti zikamera ndi mzake maganizo pa kapangidwe ka kanthu, pali akhala olekanitsidwa microcosm, macrocosm ndi megaworld. The lonse milingo izi atsimikiziridwa mwa zotsatira zikuluzikulu za nkhaniyo: nthawi ndi malo.

Movement: chikhalidwe ndi katundu

Kayendedwe ka nthawi - nkhaniyo zotsatira zimene kuzindikiridwa kalelo. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu aona kuti mu dziko kunja palibe okhazikika - zonse kusintha, umayenda mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake. Kumvetsa zodabwitsazi kwachititsa kuti zikamera wa awiri mfundo choyambirira alili ake. M'njira yopapatiza kayendedwe ka gulu okhudza malo a zinthu mfundo wina ndi mzake, Pankhaniyi palibe kusintha kwa chinthu. Mwanjira imeneyi, kayendedwe - ndi otsutsana mtendere. Monzama kulankhula, kayendedwe - ndi aliyense kusintha chinthu, mphamvu ya akalumikidzidwa ake ndi katundu. Ndipo ili ndi boma achilengedwe a zinthu. Monga ndi makhalidwe a nkhani gululi ndi chofuna kuchita izo poyamba, chibadwa. Ndi khalidwe la mtundu uliwonse zakuthupi. Ndipo n'zosatheka popanda vuto, palibe gulu ukonde. Pagona chikhalidwe attributive. Nkhani chibadidwe chitukuko, zomwe ndi kayendedwe, iye nthawi zonse amayesetsa zikhale zovuta kumvetsa, amayenda m'munsi apamwamba. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti kayendedwe ka cholinga, kusintha akhoza chizolowezi.

Movement monga gawo la nkhani angapo katundu, nthawi zambiri amakhala okayikira. Choyamba zonse amakhala ndi mtheradi ndi wachibale. Mtheradi chikugwirizana ndi chakuti kayendedwe ndi chibadidwe zilizonse kanthu, kanthu mu dziko si pa mpumulo. Pankhaniyi, aliyense gulu makamaka nthawi zonse zaperekedwa kwa mtendere, ndithudi, ndipo pagona relativity ake. Kuyima, kayendedwe munthu kusamukira ku mtundu watsopano, ndipo ndi lamulo mtheradi. Komanso, gululi ndi onse likukulira ndi mosalekeza. Cholinga discontinuity kugwirizana ndi luso mamembala kanthu mu akalumikidzidwa munthu, mwachitsanzo mlengalenga, nyenyezi ndi T. D. kupitiriza ndi luso kudzimvera bungwe mu dongosolo yofunika.

mitundu kayendedwe

Chobwerapo chachikulu ndi kayendedwe ka kanthu, okhoza kutenga zosiyanasiyana. Gawo awo akufuna Chichewa, amene anapeza 5 mitundu ikuluikulu:

- mawotchi; losavuta mawonekedwe - kusuntha zinthu;

- thupi, potengera malamulo a sayansi, iye woyesedwa ndi kuwala, kutentha, nyese, etc;..

- mogwirizana mankhwala mamolekyulu ndi maatomu;

- kwachilengedwenso - kudziona lamulo, kubalana ndi chitukuko mu kachitidwe zachilengedwe ndi madera kwachilengedwenso;

- chikhalidwe - ndi mitundu yonse ya ozindikira ndi yosintha zochita za anthu.

mitundu yonse kuyenda anapanga mu dongosolo zovuta masanjidwe, kuchokera ku zocholoŵana. kachitidwe imvera malamulo chimodzimodzi:

- pakati njira za kayendedwe kulibe mogwirizana chibadwa, aliyense fomu losavuta amagwira ntchito monga maziko a chitukuko cha zovuta ndi zikutanthauza kuti onse zigawo zake;

- lililonse wapamwamba ali kusiyana yake yapadera, tidzapeza ndi chitukuko Mkhalidwe wa nkhaniyo.

Izi si kufotokoza wapamwamba kutengeka kokha ndi zochita za malamulo ndi mankhwala. gululi limaphatikizapo mgwirizano onse a dziko chuma, kuphatikizapo chikumbumtima cha anthu.

Mbiri ya malingaliro a "danga" ndi "nthawi"

Nthawi ndi malo monga zotsatira za vuto linayamba conceptualized ndi anthu kale maonekedwe a nzeru. Ngakhale anthu wosazindikira, lophunzira dziko, ankadziwa kuti kuli zinthu zimenezi. Komanso, zazindikirika ngati indivisible lonse, kuyeza malo a maola ndi pamene ena zigawo okhudza malo.

mumaziona m'nthano ya malo ndi nthawi zosiyana kwambiri kuchokera lero. Nthawi anaonekera monga ngati mankhwala ozungulira, amene si imatsogoleredwa akale m'tsogolo ngati ndife amakonda, pamene imodzi co-kulibe mu maiko osiyana: a dziko la makolo awo, dziko la milungu ndi dziko la moyo wa masiku ano. Lingaliro la "mawa" amapezeka pa magawo apamwamba chitukuko cha anthu. M'menemo nthawi kuyenda pakati pa zigawo ndi zotheka, monga danga. M'magulu ambiri m'nthano ngati kugwirizana okhudza malo anali mtengo. Choncho, mu "Ikani" limatiuza mmene munthu wakale "kufalitsa lingaliro la mtengo," mwachitsanzo. E. ulendo nkhuni, nthawi kumanga.

Ziphunzitso za malo n'chosiyana kwambiri komanso. Zinali zokha ndi mapeto. Choncho, ankakhulupirira kuti pali pakati pa dziko lapansi, kawirikawiri mtundu wa malo wopatulika, ndi apo malekezero a dziko lapansi, kenako pakubwera suspense bezmaterialny chisokonezo. Komanso, danga Akuti olemba, ie, izo sizinali yunifolomu: .. Kodi malo zabwino ndi zoipa. Munthu ankapembedza zinthu dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo malo ndi nthawi.

Mkubwela kwa asayansi atulukira kumvetsa zinthuzo zikusintha. Zimakwaniritsidwa kuzindikira kuti zotsatira zinthu cholinga, zoonekera komanso kumvera malamulo a sayansi.

Space: chikhalidwe ndi katundu

Space monga khalidwe nkhani ndi analogi mu dziko thupi ndi mlingo woyamba wa abstraction. Iwo ali katundu zotsatirazi:

- kutalika, ie, kukhalapo ndi kulankhulana kwa zinthu aliyense .. izo limanenedwa ngati mgwirizano ndi kupitiriza ndi discontinuity tichipeza zigawo munthu, amene pamodzi kuwonjezera kwa osawerengeka;

- atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena - malinga ndi magawo thupi danga kutalika, m'lifupi ndi kutalika; Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Einstein, pali chachinayi ntchito olamulira - nthawi, koma ntchito kokha mkati mwa chimango cha sayansi, danga atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena kuwonetseredwa wachikhalire ndiponso zopanda malire;

- Severability - danga akhoza kugawidwa mu zosiyanasiyana zigawo: meters, makilomita, parsecs;

- pachilichonse zikutanthauza kuti malo kulibe mfundo iliyonse owerengeka;

.. - isotopic, mwachitsanzo kuyanjana kwa aliyense wa malo osankhidwa;

- osawerengeka - danga alibe chiyambi kapena mapeto.

Nthawi: lingaliro ndi katundu

Pamene chikhumbo nkhani limanenedwa ngati mwapadera njira mu dziko cholinga ndipo ali ndi makhalidwe apadera. Ilibe analogue mu dziko zakuthupi ndiponso ndi abstraction mlingo wachiwiri. Nthawi sizingasinthe, izo nthawi zonse anawauza akale kuti mtsogolo kudzera mpaka pano, ndi kuti gulu n'zosatheka. Iwo amakhala ndi nthawi ndi ndondomeko. Njira zimachitika mwa ndondomeko, njira sungakhoze kusintha patsogolo ake. Nthawi mosalekeza ndi apawokha nthawi. Ndi mtsinje umene alibe chiyambi kapena mapeto, koma akhoza kugawidwa mu zigawo: maola, zaka, zaka zambiri. An chuma chofunika nthawi ndi zake zakuya kapena zopanda malire.