Chikomfyushani - mwachidule za ziphunzitso aumunthu. Chikomfyushani ndi chipembedzo

Ikulu East dziko, kumene iwo amakonda kudya tizilombo, anapanga mitundu yonse ya zinthu banja matewera kalligrafichno kuphunzira kudzatunga otchulidwa likuitanirabe yaitali ofufuza ndi chinsinsi chake ndi wochenjera mtima. China nthawi zonse kudabwa: zosowa, chidwi njira ya moyo, sakudziwika kwa ife, Asilavo, ndikuganiza. Imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu ake ndi Chikomfyushani, sipangakhalenso zakambidwa mwachidule ngati mmene kuphunzitsa anthu kuti athandize anthu ndi iwo eni.

zambiri

Mawu "Chikomfyushani" ndi lochokera ku Ulaya. Inakhalapo mwa mawonekedwe Latinized udindo ndi dzina la tate wake ndipo amatanthauza "mphunzitsi wanzeru Kun". Pa nthawi yomweyo analogue ake Chinese "MS Jiao" likumasuliridwa kuti "chiphunzitso cha ŵakusanga anthu bwino zimaŵetedwa." Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri a akatswiri akale amanena kuti Chikomfyushani - chipembedzo masikolala. Koma zimenezi si zoona. Otchedwa chikhulupiriro mosamalitsa kuiganizila ndi zovuta, koma ndi njira ya moyo, kaganizidwe ndi maganizo a dziko.

Ngakhale izi, Chikomfyushani ndi ankaona ngati yachipembedzo ndi nzeru zaumunthu, wodzazidwa ndi miyambo ya East. kukopa kwake pa anthu Chinese kunali kwakukulu ndi kwambiri kuti ntchito mfundo za gulu limeneli anapanga mtengo wa anthu, nzeru za dzikoli. Kwa zaka zambirimbiri, phindu lake si ndichepe, iwo ankaona uliwonse dera la moyo. Komanso, Chikomfyushani - chipembedzo, nzeru ndi ziphunzitso - pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri zinali malingaliro yaikulu ya Chinese Ufumu. Ndipotu, phindu lake anali ofanana ndi Mpingo wa Katolika ndi Vatican mu Europe mu Ages Middle.

The anayambitsa ziphunzitso za Confucius

Anakhala VI-V m'ma BC. Iyo inali nthawi ya ndewu ndi kugawikana kwa dziko. Choncho, kuphunzitsa kusonyeza kufuna remake boma wachisokonezo zochitika ndi mtendere ndi chitukuko kwa anthu. Tsogolo nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri anabadwa mu banja la olemekezeka amene zinatha. Iye m'banda wamasiye ndipo anakhala modzichepetsa mpaka mwayi ndalama kupita ku State wa Zhou - achifumu ankalamulira, kumene bwinobwino tidakocheza ntchito mu laibulale. N'kumene anakumana ndi Confucius, Lao Tzu, amene anakhala nthawi yambiri nkhani akambirana.

Kunyumba, iye anachita chidwi miyambo yakale ndi nyimbo, malinga ndi zikhulupiriro Chinese, kusonyeza chiyanjano chonse ndiponso kulengedwanso pakati pa anthu. mfundo zonsezi kenako odzipereka mwa iwo okha ndi kuphunzira - ndi Chikomfyushani wakale. Posachedwa nzeru zapamwamba anatsegula sukulu yake ndipo anakhala munthu woyamba mphunzitsi-akatswiri mu mbiri ya China. Chinthu chidwi kwambiri ndi ophunzira ake mudzakhaladi mayiko zofunika. Confucius yekha sanalandire konse ofesi yapamwamba, ngakhale adafunafuna izo. Anafa wasayansi mu kwawo ku Qufu.

"The Analects"

Bukuli - maziko a zonse Chikomfyushani. Lili mawu onse ndi mawu a Confucius. ophunzira nzeru zapamwamba akuyesetsa kubwezeretsa zambiri zamtengo wapatali, chifukwa anali kusonkhanitsa wopangidwa kukambirana lalifupi ndi nzeru zapamwamba ndi otsatira ake. Iwo apanga mfundo zonse ndi chiphunzitsocho limaphunzitsa Chikomfyushani. Mwachidule molondola m'buku ankadutsa lonse moyo wa Confucius:

• zaka 15. Malingaliro anatembenukira kwa mapangidwe a.
• zaka 30. Muzimupatsa ufulu.
• zaka 40. Ndiyotani pakuchotsa kukaikira.
• zaka 50. Chidziwitso cha chifuniro cha Kumwamba.
• zaka 60. Luso kusiyanitsa zoona ndi zonama.
• zaka 70. Potsatira zilakolako za mtima ndi luso osati kuphwanya miyambo.

Mu mizere yochepa - onse a Confucius. Ake kutali ndi maphunziro kumasula mtima ndi kumtsatira kugwilizana khalidwe wakhala Buku mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi wopatulika kwa onse nzeru Chinese. Chikomfyushani (nzeru za ziphunzitso ndi mfundo adutsa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo) imalemekezedwa ndi anthu Chinese.

Pa muzu wa nzeru

Confucius chiphunzitso, komanso zina zazikulu Chinese achipembedzo komanso cha nzeru za mafunde, magwero China mu VI-V m'ma BC. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi m'malo golide nyengo ya boma kubwera chisokonezeko ndi owonongedwa. mfundo yaikulu ya ufumu wagwetsedwa, "achuma, amene mukudziwa." Anthu amene analibe apamwamba kanthu, wogwidwa chuma likuvutika ayironi amene ayamba kutulutsa mwachangu. Zonsezi kusokoneza mogwirizana ndi kuutsa makangano.

Kuti adzikonzenso kuti ayenera kukhala ali misa otaya ndi ziphunzitso anatuluka ngati bowa pambuyo mvula. Ena zinatha kokha angapo zaka zambiri. Ena - Chikomfyushani, Chitao, Mwalamulo - kwambiri atagonjetsa ndi chikhalidwe cha China, ndi sangathe kulingalira lero dziko popanda iwo. Choncho, ziphunzitso za Confucius kuchokera zikande Kodi osadzuka. Pa nthawi ya owonongedwa ndi masoka nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri kuganizira mfundo ndi njira zimene akhoza kukhazikitsa bata. Ndipo njira yaikulu kukwaniritsa mogwirizana maganizo ake, anali munthuyo, anakulira, makhalidwe ndi khalidwe.

State chikhalidwe

Popeza chiphunzitso ankaphedwa kaye kuti zochitika za dziko, ndipo anali ndi khalidwe ndale, mfundo abwino. Muyenera choyamba kuphunzitsa munthu, ndipo china chirichonse, kuphatikizapo ndale, kodi bwalo zonse. M'pofunika chidwi kwambiri anthu a moyo, nzeru zapamwamba. Kuti ndi njira ya mbali zofunikira za ulamuliro wa ufumu ziphunzitso a Confucius amaona mwa prism a m'madera amene chinthu anthu chimachititsa kwambiri.

Zasonyezanso kuti amathandizadi. Chinthu chovuta kunapezeka kuti izi: kuti anthu amaterowo amene amati mfundo za mwambo ndi khalidwe labwino. Anthu, ngakhale amene mukufuna kusintha kwa bwino, simungathe yomweyo titembenuzire dziko mumtima mozondoka. kawirikawiri sakhala ntchito. Ena safuna kugwira ntchito pa okha. Iwo anatenga njira yapadera, ndi Confucius anamupeza iye. Iye anatengerapo mwayi Chinese kupembedza mizimu ya makolo mpatuko. Images wa womwalirayo kwa dziko zina zinali zofunika kwambiri ndi weniweni osati kumwamba chabe. Amadziwika kuti lodziwika bwino kholo - chifaniziro kuti anatsanziradi China. Chizindikiro chomwecho cha mtundu wina, ndipo anadzakhala Confucius yekha.

miyambo

Ndi lamulo lopatulika, amene amatsatira Chikomfyushani. Masulirani mwachidule kufunika kwake kungakhale motere: dzoma - si analoweza malamulo a makhalidwe a anthu, ndiponso zochita zawo watanthauzo, manja ndi mawu. Ichi ndi chodabwitsa palokha kuti anthu ayenera kuphunzira mkaka mayi. Chiri mphatso ya chilengedwe kukhala molondola komanso mochititsa kaso. Chiphunzitso cha zovuta miyambo ndi m'zigawozigawo. Confucius anati kangapo kuti Sizotheka kuti mwambo umenewu. Ngakhale makolo olungama zambiri kupatuka pa msewu.

Malinga ndi Confucius, munthu ayenera kukonda mzako, kumva udindo kuphedwa kwa udindo wawo kwa anthu ndi dziko, kukhala oona mtima ndi okhulupirika, kusamalira wamng'ono ndi wamkulu Werengani. Pa makhalidwe amenewa, kuphunzitsa za nzeru zapamwamba wa. Malamulo a khalidwe m'banja anachitira ufumu waukulu. Lonjezo la mtendere ndi chitukuko mu China ndi kuti aliyense ali mu malo ndi bwino amakwaniritsa udindo wake, anati Confucius. Iye ananena kuti "inde Harrier" - mfundo ya ubale wa anthu, pachimake waukulu mumakhala anthu. Izi ndi ulamuliro yaikulu ya anthu kukhala ogwirizana.

anthu

Kodi zikutanthauzanji lingaliro ili Confucius? Malinga ndi iye, kuti akhale m'modzi, Chinese ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe asanu khalidwe: athe mukhale athanzi ndipo sangathe atsekerezedwa, m'lifupi mwa masomphenya kupambana khamu, kuuzira kudalira anthu ena, olamulidwa ndi chifundo, ndi bwino likuvutika nzeru zawo. Koma nthawi Mphunzitsi wamkulu anauza ophunzira ake kuti iye sangakhoze kudzitcha woganizira kwathunthu. Pambuyo makhalidwe onsewa - basi nsonga ya madzi oundana a.

Mfundo za Chikomfyushani nthawizonse wakhala onse kuposa izo zinkawoneka koyamba. The anthu chomwecho, pa mfundo nzeru zapamwamba wa - si luso chikondi ndi kuyamikira anthu. Izo siziri ngakhale anthu wapatali monga kuzindikira moyo munthu. Amathandiza zikuphatikizapo mfundo udindo cholowa ndi miyambo ya kulambira ndi ena ambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, Confucius kamodzi mwamphamvu munthu amene mmalo mwa zaka zitatu chisoni chifukwa makolo chaka chonse. Nzeru zapamwamba amatchedwa n'kulakwa ndi kwathunthu wopanda umunthu.

anthu

Mfundo ina zakuya Chikomfyushani. Ichi ndi kupembedza poyerekezera ndi anthu okalamba, kukonda abale, mothandizana ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo pa wamng'ono. Munthu wolemekezeka nthawi zonse uweme. Amatero Chikomfyushani. The nzeru za mfundo izi zogwirizana ndi chifundo. Iwo kudziwa choonadi cha munthu, osati maphunziro ake kapena maphunziro.

Panali uweme mphunzitsi wamkulu yekha? Kuyankha funso ili mwa kupenda zinthu m'modzi anali Confucius. Monga connoisseur wa intricacies ndi peculiarities wa zokometsera, anaitanidwa kunyumba ya achifumu ndi. Iwo anayamba ulaliki ndi nyimbo itayamba, anathamanga pa zisudzo, amene anali kusonyeza thematic powonekera. Koma Confucius mwadzidzidzi linasokonekera nkhaniyo ndipo analamula wa kampani lonse. Ndi wankhanza? Inde, ndithudi khalidwe alibe zizigwirizana anthu ndi chifundo. Koma ndiye nzeru zapamwamba anasonyeza ulamuliro ena ofunika Chikomfyushani chipembedzo kummawa malangizo bwino executable, kusunga ziphunzitso zonse ndi mfundo, mukatero adzalangidwa. Izi n'zimene zinachitikira zisudzo, amene anachoka script lapansi.

Otchuka ndi chikhalidwe

Munthu aliyense kudziletsa kulemekeza ayenera makhalidwe amenewa. Confucius ankaganiza choncho. Pamene akulemekeza mwambo - ndi mbali yofunika ya moyo chikhalidwe ndi wolemekezeka Chinese. Ndiko kuti, anthu kuganiza loyamba la onse osati za chakudya, koma nkhani apamwamba. A njonda nthawi zonse amaganizira lapamwamba: a njira ya moyo ndi chikhalidwe. Mfundo za Chikomfyushani nthawi waika motsindika auzimu, osati machulukitsidwe chithupithupi.

Mbali zina za chikhalidwe, malinga ndi Confucius, ndi mphamvu ya mchimake. Chinyama sichimakhala kulamulira achibadwidwe awo, ndipo pamene iye awona chakudya, ndiye kumeza kwathunthu. Chilombo adzakhala phesi nyamazo ndi kutopa ndiponso kusowa mphamvu. Man - munthu mmodzi waudindo wapamwamba kwambiri. Iye ayenera kusunga mu nthaka pakati, musakhale monga chirombo, ngakhale ngati izo zifika Mwachibadwa ake titadziwa monga wosangalala njala.

Koma otchuka, iwo ndi Chinese, amene angathe kupita ku mapeto a misewu atatu: kudzipatula, akuluakulu ndi asilikali. Mu nkhani iyi, ayenera kutsatira malamulo otsatirawa: m'nkhani yoyamba kukhala wachifundo ndi osadandaula, lachiwiri - kudziwa ndi mosakaika, wachitatu - kukhala olimba mtima ndipo musaope.

Confucius School

Education - yofunika kwambiri zokometsera. Kugamula akhoza kukhala ndi kuphunzira konfutsianstvo. Mwachidule komanso molondola ndikuganiza, kudziwa zinthu zonse, kudziwa mfundo za chitukuko cha munthu mmodzi kapena dera - zonsezi akhoza aliyense kudziletsa kulemekeza Chinese. Izo kumaonekera mu chiphunzitso cha ungwiro, Confucius anati. Iye anali woyamba mu China, amene anatsegula sukulu ufulu. Wafilosofi anakhala mphunzitsi lonse la anthu.

School of Chikomfyushani anaphunzitsa osewera ake musankhe bwino mu moyo, musapatuke ku izo. Wafilosofi lectured ndipo anayankhula ndi ophunzira, kukhulupirira kuti lingaliro bwino ndi mawu anabadwa mu kukambirana za. Akulankhula, anthu kugawana nzeru, zinachitikira interlocutor ndi, ankamuthandiza. Confucius komanso ankakonda kunena za moyo wa makolo, kuyerekeza ndi ino. mphunzitsi anali nthawi kudzichepetsa. Adafunsira kwambiri kwa anthu amene anali wanzeru ndi chimene moyo. Kuyambira maganizo mediocre, iye sakuyembekezera zikayenda bwino kwambiri, mongoyesa kusintha ndi kukhala nawo.

Udindo wa Chikomfyushani

Kumene, ndi yaikulu. Masiku ano, Confucius - chizindikiro cha mtundu, amene anapereka China moyo wautali mwauzimu komanso m'makhalidwe. M'mabuku a mbiri yakale nthawi zambiri akufotokozedwa ngati munthu wokalamba, atazunguliridwa ndi ana. Kodi analidi maonekedwe ake, palibe aliyense akudziwa. mafotokozedwe thupi la nzeru zapamwamba aphimbidwa ndi nthano zambiri ndi nthano. Pankhani ziphunzitso zake zonse, kusinthidwa ndi kusintha kwa zaka zambiri.

Mbiri ya zaka chikwi cha Chikomfyushani, kotero Baibulo zamakono za chiphunzitsocho makamaka osiyana zaka. Lero ndi njira yapadera ya moyo kuti azungu sindikumvetsa. "East - nkhani wosakhwima," - iwo amati, n'zomveka mwamtheradi ndi zonse. Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma XXI, akuluakulu Chinese akuyesetsa kusunga malamulo a chiphunzitso ndi zinthu monga Confucius analalikira. zochita zawo malinga ndi zotsatira za akale ndi akatswiri achipembedzo kayendedwe, zomwe zimachititsa anthu Chinese sindimawakonda anthu ena, ndi lakumwamba Ufumu - wapadera, osati ngati limati kwambiri. Udindo wa Chikomfyushani mu lalikulu ili. chikoka chake anamva mu madera onse a moyo Chinese.