Spengler, "Kutha kwa Europe": mwachidule a. Spengler, "Kutha kwa West" ndi mutu

Oswald Spengler anali lopambana German mbiri komanso wafilosofi, amene ukatswiri ndi luso kuphimba masamu, sayansi, luso ndi chiphunzitso nyimbo. Waukulu ndi zofunika kwambiri ntchito Spengler ankaona mabuku awiri "Kutha kwa Europe", ntchito zake zina sanali otchuka kunja kwa Germany.

Anapereka m'munsimu Nkhani tikunena molimba mtima ndi maganizo ntchito pa nkhani za mbiri yakale ndi nzeru zaumunthu, ndilo "Kutha kwa West." Chidule Spengler anafotokoza m'mawu oyamba olembedwa ndi iye. Komabe, masamba angapo sikutheka kuti akomere uthunthu wonse wa mfundo ndipo mawu amene ali kwenikweni Mbiri ya makono.

Oswald Spengler

Spengler moyo mwa First World nkhondo, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri maganizo ake ndi akatswiri zopanga chiphunzitso chake cha chitukuko cha anthu ndi chitukuko. The First World nkhondo zinachititsa kuti abwereze mwina kulilembanso buku lachiwiri la ntchito yaikulu, umene panthawi imeneyo anali atamaliza Spengler - "Kutha kwa Europe". Chidule cha buku ziwiri buku lolembedwa ndi iye oyamba a kope chachiwiri, limafotokoza mmene zikuluzikulu zochita nkhondo ndi zotsatira kukhudza chitukuko cha chiphunzitso Spengler a.

ntchito wotsatira wa nzeru zapamwamba za lolunjika pa malamulo, makamaka pa zolinga za mtundu ndi zokomera.

Atabwera mphamvu Germany, ndi National Socialist Party a Hitler, Anazi ankaona Spengler imodzi mwa mbali ndi ochirikiza mfundo kwakukulu. Komabe, zamoyo wotsatira wa chipani mtima asilikali anatsogolera Spengler kukayikira tsogolo la osati Nazi komanso mu Germany. Mu 1933, buku lake "Kupanga Time" (kapena "Zaka mwaubwino") kumatsutsa mfundo za Anazi ndi chiphunzitso cha mitundu ukulu, wakhala kwathunthu kuchotsedwa atolankhani.

"Kutha kwa West"

Woyamba palokha ntchito za mbiri komanso wafilosofi Oscar Spengler ndi otchuka kwambiri, otchuka ndi kukambirana ntchito yake.

Kumvetsa wapadera ndi chikhalidwe adzadziwire ndi imodzi mwa mfundo chachikulu cha ntchito, umene ntchito kwa zaka zoposa zisanu, Oswald Spengler, - "Kutha kwa Europe". Chidule cha buku ziwiri buku, ndi wolemba analemba oyamba a kope chachiwiri kudzakuthandizani kuthana ndi zovuta athandize chiphunzitso mabuku a Spengler.

A awiri a buku lonena limachitira mfundo zambiri ndi amapereka rethinking mtheradi wa momwe nkhaniyo amaona mu dziko lero. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso zazikulu ndi kulakwa kuona chitukuko cha dziko lonse pa kaonedwe ka mbiri ya Ulaya, kugawana mu nthawi ya m'badwo wakale, akale ndi atsopano. Eurocentric Nthawi lonse sangathe bwino kufotokoza zikamera ndi mapangidwe a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana East.

Spengler, "Kutha kwa Europe". Chidule cha mitu. Buku lina

Chikadzangotha buku lakuti chidwi aluntha anthu mu Germany. Imodzi mwa ntchito kwambiri nzeru ndi zotenga umene opambana kukangana njira yapadera kuti chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe, amene anakonza ndi Oswald Spengler, - "Kutha kwa Europe". Chidule cha chiphunzitso, gawo la wolemba oyamba, ali pafupi kwathunthu lolunjika pa chodabwitsa cha amaonera mbiri mwa mawu a kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, ndiko kulandira ndi kusintha.

"Kutha kwa Europe" imakhala ndi mabuku awiri. The woyamba amatchedwa "Fomu ndi Zenizeni" (kapena "Image ndi Zenizeni") ndipo imakhala mitu isanu, pamene maziko a chiphunzitso cha Spengler. Chaputala choyamba tikunena masamu, manambala, ndi maganizo a mmene mfundo malire ndi osawerengeka bwanji kuzindikira za mbiri ndi chikhalidwe.

"Mawonekedwe ndi zenizeni" osati amanga maziko kusanthula kuweruza phunziro amakono a mbiri, koma lilinso mtundu watsopano wa maganizo. Malinga Spengler, chikhalidwe wakale ndi kaonedwe ake sayansi mukopedwe ndi "chilengedwe" wa mbiri. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha dziko wakale Greek kudzera malamulo, nkhani wakhala sayansi, zimene Spengler amatsutsa.

Wafilosofi litsimikizira kuti mbiri ayenera kumwedwa, "analogi", kapena kuti kuganizira pa zimene kale analenga, koma pa zimene zikuchitika ndipo kulengedwa. N'chifukwa chake masamu anatumizidwa mbali zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito. Spengler amakhulupirira kuti mkubwela kwa mfundo malire ndi osawerengeka munthu anaganiza kufunika kwa masiku bwino ndipo nyumba.

"Kutha kwa West", chidule cha machaputala. Volume awiri

1. History kuzioneka morphologically.
2. chikhalidwe European wasamuka kuchoka ku nyengo ya chitukuko (chikhalidwe) m'nyengo ya kuvunda (Chitukuko).

Ndi ichi ndipo pali mfundo zikuluzikulu ziwiri, zomwe anazunguzika m'nthawi yake Oswald Spengler. "Kutha kwa West" (oyamba, mwachidule ntchito ndi nkhani yovuta pa nkhani za mbiri yakale amatchulidwa mfundozo pamwamba "pangondya" chiphunzitso Spengler a) - Buku anatembenuka kwambiri mu malingaliro akatswiri.

chachiwiri amatchedwa "Ubwino wa mbiri ya dziko lapansi" (kapena "Views pa mbiriyakale ya dziko"); mmenemo wolemba anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane chiphunzitso chake cha chitukuko cha zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha zikhalidwe zomwe ankayambitsa ndi wolemba, omwe amayendetsa moyo yake mkombero ofanana ndi moyo. Chikhalidwe chilichonse ali mwana, akamakula, kukhwima ndi kuwola. Aliyense wa kuli amayesetsa kukwaniritsa cholinga chake.

mkulu Culture

Spengler allocated mbewu yaikulu 8:

• Babele;
• Aigupto;
• Indian;
• Chinese;
• Wapakati American (mafuko Maya ndi Aztec);
• Chakale (Greece ndi Rome);
• Amagi chikhalidwe (Arabic ndi chikhalidwe Ayuda);
• European chikhalidwe.

Mu "Kutha kwa West," woyamba mbewu asanu ndi kunja cholinga chithunzi, Spengler ikuyendetsedwa ndi chakuti zikhalidwe awa analibe atasemphana mwachindunji choncho kodi sikungawononge chitukuko cha chikhalidwe European, amene mwachionekere, ndi mfundo yaikulu ya ntchitoyo.

Spengler tikunena chikhalidwe chakale ndi Arab, kulimbitsa kufanana ndi chikhalidwe Loona za anthu azikhala, chifukwa ndi kufuna udindo.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi terminology

Kuvuta kuwerenga "Kutha kwa West" ndi Spengler si kawirikawiri ntchito mawu bwino ndi nkhani zosiyana kotheratu, komanso analenga latsopano, tanthauzo la zomwe kuli kovuta kufotokoza kunja nkhani ya mbiri ya nzeru za chiphunzitso Spengler a.

Mwachitsanzo, nzeru zapamwamba amagwiritsa mfundo za chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko (izi ndi zina mawu ena wolemba zonse analemba ndi likulu kalata), zosiyana ndi mzake. Chiphunzitso Spengler si n'chimodzimodzi, ndi ena otsutsana nawo pati. Culture - kukula, chitukuko, fufuzani Cholinga yaimfa, pamene Chitukuko - ". Kukhala masiku otsiriza" kufooka, kudzitsitsa ndi Chitukuko - ndi zimene amakhalabe zikhalidwe zimene analola kasamalidwe pamwamba kupambana kulenga.

ena aŵiri mfundo n'chimodzimodzi-zosiyana - ndi "chimene chinachitika" ndi "zimene zikuchitika". Pakuti chiphunzitso Spengler la "kukhala" ndi ngodya. Malinga ndi lingaliro amafotokoza, nkhani ayenera kuganizira pa manambala, mfundo ndi malamulo zimafotokoza chimene chachitika, ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, ndiko kuti, pa zimene zikuchitika pa mphindi.

Pseudomorphs - mawu amene imalongosola Spengler underdeveloped kapena "kukhala okhulupirika" chikhalidwe. Chitsanzo chidwi kwambiri ndi pseudomorphosis Russian chitukuko chitukuko osadalira pa zomwe wakhala linasokonekera nasintha ndi chikhalidwe European, limene kwa nthawi yoyamba "woyikidwa" ndi Peter I. uyu kusokonezedwa osafunika chikhalidwe chawo Spengler anafotokoza kusakonda wa anthu Russian kuti "akunja"; Chitsanzo cha kusakonda ili la wolemba anatchulapo kuyatsa Moscow pa pasadakhale Napoleon.

m'mbiri

Spengler ndi zopanda zoyambirira za mbiri ndi kupanda choonadi mtheradi ndi wosatha. Chofunika, ndi watanthauzo ndi kuwonedwa mu chikhalidwe chimodzi angakhale kumapeputsa zamkhutu kwa wina. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti choonadi kumbali ya munthu chikhalidwe ndi; kani, amanena kuti azikhalidwe nacho choonadi chake.

Komanso nehronologicheskogo nkhani za maganizo a dziko, Spengler walimbikitsa mfundo yofunika padziko lonse zikhalidwe zina ndi kuchepa kwa anthu ena chikoka lonse. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake nzeru zapamwamba ntchito ganizo la chikhalidwe mkulu; chimaimira chikhalidwe zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha dziko.

Culture ndi Chitukuko

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso Spengler ya chikhalidwe mkulu amakhala thupi osiyana ndi wofanana ndi kukhwima ndi kugwirizana, pamene "wosazindikira" yodziwika ndi achibadwidwe ndi chikhumbokhumbo chitonthozo zofunika.

Chitukuko zambiri popanda mchitidwe kukhala de A facto "imfa" ya chikhalidwe, koma wolemba saona zomveka kuthekera kwa umuyaya wa chinachake, kotero chitukuko - izo mosalephera Kuuma mabasi kukula zikhalidwe. Ngakhale chachikulu khalidwe Culture - mapangidwe ndi chitukuko, Chitukuko chimanena okhazikika bwino ndipo walenga kale.

Zina zofunika kwa Spengler ndi mphamvu yotha aŵiri matenda ameneŵa Mega mzinda ndipo chigawo. Culture limakula "kuchokera pansi" ndipo safuna kuti khamu iliyonse yaing'ono mudzi, dera kapena chigawo ali ndi njira yake ya moyo ndi mayendedwe a chitukuko, zomwe pamapeto pake chimachititsa wapadera kapangidwe mbiri. A chitsanzo chapadera cha ichi ndi kuwonjezeka mu Italy High Kubadwa Kwatsopano kumene Rome, Florence ndi Venice malo ena chikhalidwe anali chosiyana. Chitukuko amakhala ndi chilakolako chofuna kulemera ndi "sameness".

Mafuko ndi anthu

Onse oterewa ntchito ndi Spengler mawu apatsogolo ndi apambuyo, ndi makhalidwe awo ndi osiyana mwachizolowezi. Mpikisano mu "Kutha kwa West" - si biologically anatsimikiza zimasiyanitsa khalidwe la mtundu wa anthu, koma kusankha sadziwa munthu kwa nthawi ya chikhalidwe chake. Choncho, mu gawo la mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa munthu chikhalidwe amalenga chinenero, luso ndi nyimbo, iye amasankha bwenzi ndi malo okhala, motero imalongosola onse amene ali mu dziko lero amatchedwa kusiyana mitundu. Choncho, mfundo zachikhalidwe uli wosiyana kutukuka.

Lingaliro la "mtundu" Spengler Kodi sayanjane naye statehood, thupi ndi malire ndale ndi chinenero. Mu chiphunzitso chake ya anthu a ikuchokera mgwirizano wauzimu, kaphatikizidwe kwa cholinga wamba, zomwe si kupeza phindu. Chinthu molimba mapangidwe anthu si anthu ndipo chiyambi, ndi chizimuthandiza mgwirizano, "mphindi mbiri moyo umodzi."

A mtendere ndi Choikidwiratu

Mbiri chitukuko cha aliyense Culture dongosolo zikuphatikizapo kuvomerezedwa masitepe - motsimikiza mtima komanso kudziwa zolinga zake Tsogolo ndikukhazikitsa Tsogolo. Malinga Spengler, aliyense chikhalidwe amaona dziko mosiyana ndi chaperekedwa kwa cholinga chake. cholinga ndicho chikwaniritso cha tsogolo lake.

Mosiyana zambiri adzanyamula zikhalidwe wosazindikira, High okha kudziwa njira yawo kupyola kukula ndi mapangidwe. Spengler amaona tsogolo la European lonse kuti afalitse za makhalidwe abwino individualistic kuti Amabisa kufuna udindo, ndi Umuyaya.

Ndalama ndi Mphamvu

Malinga Spengler, demokalase ndi ufulu n'zogwirizana ndi ndalama, ndiwo waukulu galimoto mphamvu m'madera ufulu ndi chitukuko chachikulu. Spengler akukana kuitana chitukuko ichi oipa akuti (katangale, makhalidwe oipa, alibe), chifukwa amaona kuti zachilengedwe komanso zofunikira mapeto a demokalase, ndipo nthawi zambiri Chitukuko.

Nzeru zapamwamba ananena kuti ndalama zambiri amapezeka kwa anthu, ndi bwino apatsira nkhondo mphamvu, zida umene uli pafupifupi chilichonse - ndale, mauthenga, ufulu, ufulu ndi udindo, mfundo ofanana, komanso mfundo, chipembedzo, ndipo ngakhale chikondi.

Ngakhale kuti anthu otsika nzeru za makono ndi mbiri, chilengedwe chachikulu Spengler zikutipatsa mafunso ena mfundozo. wolemba amagwiritsa nzeru zake ndithu zosiyanasiyana kupereka anakambirana mwangwiro kuchirikiza malingaliro awo.

Ziribe kanthu chimene inu mukufuna kuwerenga - ndi adzafupikitsidwa Baibulo la lolembedwa ntchito "Kutha kwa West", mwachidule kapena nkhani yovuta za iye, wolimba ndi ufulu wodzilamulira njira ya wolemba kusintha maganizo a dzikoli pa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe ndi sangachoke owerenga osayanjanitsika.