Dualism mu nzeru monga lingaliro la dziko la duality

Mawu "dualism" anachokera ku mawu Latin "wapawiri". Chiphunzitso chimenechi lili m'mbali kuti pali awiri osiyana chiyambi mu dziko. duality awo ndi zimenenso corporeal (chuma) ndi incarnations wauzimu. Izi lingaliro nthanthi ya kuyambira Zaratrusty (628-551 BC) amene anali zabwino ndi zoipa, m'magulu awiri osiyana.

Kale Greek nzeru za Plato ndi mfundo za duality thupi ndi moyo (otchedwa anthropological dualism), ndipo kukutanthauza kuti kuli dualism Cosmological zopezeka malingaliro ndi kanthu. nzeru wakale anakopeka ndi Iran, poyamba ndi Zarathustra. Iye ankanena kuti kuli dziko limene wabwino ndi kowala mulungu kulimbana ndi zoyipa komanso chisoni ulamuliro pa chilengedwe ndi miyoyo ya anthu.

dualism izi mu nzeru akale kusanduka kwambiri anafotokoza koyenela, anasamukira ku dera la mzimu ndi kanthu, kenako (mu mpatuko), kanthu ndi thupi, kotero dziko amagwirizana ndi zoyambira za kuipa. Komano, mzimu (moyo ndi oyera ake "Ine") ali woyera ndi kowala chiyambi. M'zipembedzo zambiri ndi malo nthanthi ya dualism anthu akupangidwa ndi ndiwo chiphunzitso cha moyo ndi thupi la Mulungu ndi mdierekezi.

Philosophy Chikhristu wawononga "makwerero chikondi ndi wokongola 'Plato, kumene ungwiro wa malingaliro mu Mtheradi amatsutsa dziko la zofanana, kulengedwa ungwiro. Mu Chikhristu, anthu duality - ndi zosagwirizana chachikulu wapawiri ndipo anasonyeza wotsutsana ndi machimo ndi makhalidwe abwino kuti bwino kwambiri anafotokoza mu zolemba Spinoza. Dualism mu nzeru ya East ali osavomerezeka, monga miyambo kumafuna kumvana ndi mogwirizana pakati pa solo ndi thupi, pamaso pa "yin" ndi "yang" mu chodabwitsa chilichonse, osauka mwauzimu.

Monga mfundo dualism mu nzeru ya nthawi ina anali mwakuchita Descartes, amene adamuitana nthumwi yowala. Descartes anabadwa mu France mu 1596 pa March 31.

Moyo ndi maphunziro Descartes zaka eyiti zinachitika mu sukulu Akatolika, pamene iye alandira mfundo zofunika ndi kupitiriza maphunziro awo ku Netherlands. Apo iye wayima kwathunthu pa njira kuphunzira masamu, maphunziro, sayansi, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, ndi zakuthambo. Mu Netherlands, mwa machititso wake, amene otchuka. Kutchuka kwambiri akubwera pambuyo pa bukhu la "Nkhani pa Njira". Ntchito pa bukhu ndi kusindikiza zovuta kugunda kusaka, motero kusintha dzina Descartes ndi kukonzanso lembalo.

Mozungulira buku kamodzi pali kutsutsana koopsa, pali nkhawa pang'ono za Descartes, pamafunika zambiri kuposa zochita za kusaka, monga posachedwapa monga pa mphambano za m'ma 17 ndi 18 anatentha J. Bruno, Galileo, natsutsa ndiponso ong'ambika lilime nzeru zapamwamba Vanini, amene kenako unawotchedwa. Kenako, ntchito ya Descartes anazitcha ku France ngati achikunja ndi kuti awotchedwe. Descartes kwambiri pa moyo wake Holland. Nditakwanitsa zaka 54, anamwalira ndi chibayo, chimfine, mu Switzerland, kumene anakakamizika kupita pa pempho la Mfumukazi.

Mawu akuti "dualism" nthanthi anabwera pamodzi ndi mabuku a German nzeru zapamwamba C. Wolff (1679-1749) ndipo amatenga kuli ndi anzake zakuthupi ndi mfundo zauzimu mu dziko ndipo mwa munthu. Tanthauzo la chitsutso pakati pa chabwino ndi choipa, mawu amenewa agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi T. Hyde mu 1700, kutsatira mfundo imeneyi mu mpingo. A ofanana ndi chiphunzitso cha dualism anapereka P. Bayle ndi Leibniz.

Otsatira nthumwi za dualism anayamba kufufuza awo mfundo kusuntha nkhani Descartes, komanso mfundo za chikhalidwe akamabadwa la masamu, dialectic ndi analytic Masamu. ntchito nthanthi ya Spinoza, Kant, Rickert nzeru za makono - Rorty ndi afilosofi ena ambiri amadalira mfundo ndi postulates wa nzeru za Cartesian wa dualism.