The French ndakatulo Pol Elyuar: yonena ndi ntchito

Mwa ndakatulo French cha m'ma 20 pali anthu ambiri moona luso. Ngakhale kuti zochitika mu Europe "kuchichepetsa" zosowa ya anthu apamwamba ndi mabuku ano, gulu la anthu kulenga anatha kulenga luso latsopano limene pamapeto pake chiyanjo pakati pa anthu.

Mmodzi wa ndiAmene wa "mabuku atsopano" anali Pol Elyuar. Wolemba ndakatulo ali m'mavuto ambiri, koma sanaime pa njira zolinga zikuluzikulu - kulenga maganizo atsopano a moyo ndi kusintha kwa mitundu chinenero. Wotchuka Pol Elyuar, pamene iye anabadwa, chimene iye ankakhala kupambana analenga ndi zolephera munthu - zonsezi kudziwa zimakupiza mabuku tingachipeze powerenga French.

zaka zoyambirira za ndakatulo iyi

Eugene-Emile-Paul Grendel (alias Pol Elyuar) anabadwa December 14, 1895 mu Saint-Denis, France. Kale mu 1908, chifukwa bwino zambiri Atate Paulo, amene anali nawo pa malo, makolo ake anasamukira ku Paris. Ambiri, Grendel anali kugula nyumba zabwino komanso zosangalatsa ngakhale iwo sanali wolemera kwambiri.

Eugene-Emile-Pol ros anzeru mwana ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Iye alibe vuto kulowa apamwamba koyamba Academy, analandira kalata ndi zambiri mkulu. Zolinga - kukapitiriza maphunziro awo ndi ntchito yaikulu.

Koma vuto lililonse tsogolo afooketse umoyo mu 1912, pa ulendo wopita ku Switzerland, tsogolo ndakatulo kwambiri kudziwa insufficiency m'mapapo mwanga, etc. - chifuwa chachikulu. Studies anathamangitsidwira kuchoka ndi kupita ku chipatala chaching'ono mpaka 1914. Koma ngakhale matenda, nthawi ndi mwachilungamo wolemera, ndipo Pol Elyuar akukumana mkazi wakeyu - Elena Dyakonov. Wokongola, wanzeru, wochenjera msungwana ngati Paulo pa Mwachidule.

Nthawi yomweyo Umapeza mtima wa Paulo, ndipo iye akuyamba kulemba ntchito yake yoyamba. Kodi ndikuuzeni pamene wolemba ndakatulo ndakatulo woyamba anadzazidwa ndi boyish, lidalembedwa awkwardly, koma sensually. Ndiye pakubwera m'chigawo choyamba, amene amapereka Eluard pa ndalama zake.

"Gala", chachikulu kwambiri Elenu Elyuar, anakakamizika kupita ku Russia. Okonda ndikufuna kukwatira, koma mayi ake M'minda motsutsa zoterozo mgwirizano. Mu m'tsogolo muno zidzakhudza mkazi ndakatulo, ndipo adzakhala imasonkhezera chachikulu. Ngakhale mu malo oyamba nthawi zonse pa chachiwiri, ndinaganiza Pol Elyuar - banja. Photos zimene zasungidwa mpaka lero, amasonyeza kuti mu malo oyamba, iye anayika izo kudziletsa kuzindikira.

Nkhondo - monga msinkhu wa zilandiridwenso

Mu 1914, Eluard kusonkhanitsa kutsogolo. Zaka zingapo chifukwa cha matenda, Paulo amakakamizidwa "kukhala" kuchipatala. Apo iye ayambirira nkhondo "pamasom'pamaso" Anayamba kuganiza za moyo wake.

Mpaka 1917 Eluard ndipo sakhala ndi kutsogolo. amadwaladwala umatipanga yokha amadziwika zothandiza kwa asilikali, sakhoza kukhala. Ndiye pali ntchito zake zatsopano kuti kuphatikiza maloto achinyamata ndipo molimba thanthwe nkhondo. Zinabala ngakhale kope ka ndakatulo "Udindo" kumene kwa nthawi yoyamba yolembedwa ndi pseudonym Paulo Eluard - labambo agogo.

Patsogolo pa ndakatulo ukugwa kwa masabata ochepa, kumene chifukwa zinthu osauka a mavuto ake kuyambira thanzi. Zimenezi mpaka kalekale unazokotedwa mu chikumbukiro ndakatulo ndi mukopedwe iye. Paulo anadziwa kuti nyengo yatsopano akubwera, anamvetsa kusiyana moyo wa msilikali kunkhondo, ndi msilikali kunyumba.

The watsopano pambuyo nkhondo nyengo

Mu 1917 anabwerera ku France Gala ndi Paulo potsiriza akutenga mkazi wake. Elena ndi kukumbukira nkhondo kudzoza chachikulu cha ndakatulo iyi, akumupatsa iye wofuna kukhala ndi moyo. Patapita chaka chimodzi, a banja ali ndi mwana wamkazi Cécile ndi Paulo anamasulidwa magulu "ndakatulo mu yamtendere."

Unawonongedwa France anzeru sauzira chiyembekezo. Oimira luso zopanda maziko latsopano akavalidwe otchuka, kapena "chinthu m'ma." Chinenerocho periodicals kukhala yovomerezeka, ndipo panali kufunika kwa zinthu zatsopano.

Dada ntchito za Eluard

Posakhalitsa, Pol Elyuar, "amapezeka kuti" anthu a anthu, "Dada." Pali anali kupita kwa anthu ndi Olinganiza zoikidwiratu Nawonso amene ali ndi chidwi mu chikhalidwe mu France ndi Europe. Pali m'tsogolo ndakatulo waukuluwo ayi lapamtima kwa iye abwenzi mzimu, komanso kuyamba zatsopano zolembalemba.

Posakhalitsa, Paulo imalankhula mwini magazini yotchedwa "Proverb" (Proverbe). Pali lofalitsidwa zambiri za ntchito zake, komanso ntchito zina za Dadaists. Koma ubale ndi anzake pansi maganizo awo mogwirizana ndi mu 1924, Paulo, pambuyo nkhondo ndi mmodzi wa mamembala a gulu, idzamalizira ntchito yake mu "Dada", ngakhale akanali abwana kumbuyo gulu kwa zaka zambiri.

Nthawi surreal luso

Mu 1924, moyo Eluard akubwera mdima gulu. Mavuto a m'banja, kukangana ndi makolo, kupanda "mabwenzi" polenga anapotoza pa maganizo a ndakatulo iyi, ndipo aganiza kupita Marseille. Pambuyo buku la "kufa chifukwa sanafe," iye mwadzidzidzi masamba osauza aliyense, ngakhale achibale ake apamtima, kuphatikizapo mkazi wake, ndikukhulupirira iye anali akufa.

Mu theka chaka kuyenda mu dziko, pambuyo kalata mkazi wake Asia amabwera pamodzi ndi Maksom Ernstom ndi Paulo atafika kunyumba moyandikana ndi gulu "mtembo". pamphleteers Outlook ankaganiza surrealism wangwiro kulenga m'tsogolo, monga wolemba ndi kutsegula malire atsopano a ndakatulo wake ndi prose.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, Europe waphunzira kuti Pol Elyuar - French ndakatulo, woyenera kutchedwa kwambiri. umunthu wake anauzira anthu kuti zisinthe, chimagwirira ntchito tsiku lililonse kupeza mafani latsopano, koma Paulo anali watsopano, zachilendo ndipo ngakhale chodabwitsa mbali ya luso lake.

Chikondi Triangle: Eluard, Gala ndi Dalí

Mboni za nyengo imeneyo kuti ubale ndi Paulo ndi mkazi wake anali zachilendo. Onse anali mfulu kwa mzake, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anakhala zaka zambiri pamodzi. Akuti Paulo ndi Gala ngakhale poyera anasintha wina ndi mzake, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, akhala okhulupirika kwa banja lawo.

Mu 1929, Gala ndi Paulo kupita kwa bwenzi latsopano la wolemba ndakatulo - Salvador Dali. Pol Elyuar iye ankafuna kuti atchule mkazi wake ndi mwapang'ono, ndi sanadziwe kuti ankadziwa isanduke chikondi makona. Wokhudzidwa pakati Dali ndi Galoy anaonekera pasanapite nthawi, ndipo mgwirizano umenewu latsopano anapita athandize onse.

Pol Elyuar, ngakhale chisoni kuchoka kwa mkazi wake, palibe zoipa ndipo asiye kuvuta. Iye angochoka, anapita ulendo wozungulira dziko. M'tsogolo, Salvador Dali ngakhale kujambula chithunzi cha Paulo ndi kumuthokoza chifukwa latsopano "imasonkhezera" wake. Posachedwa likukhalira kuti Gala Dali kwenikweni kukhala maluso awo ndi zilandiridwenso kufika pamwamba.

Pol Elyuar, amene yonena ndi linadzaza ndi nthawi yosiyana zoipa, mwamwayi udani umenewu.

Latsopano chikondi Eluard

Paulo osati kale ndekha, ndipo posakhalitsa mbali ya "imasonkhezera chachikulu" amatenga Mariya Bents - wovina, woimba ndi wolemba pansi pa pseudonym wa NSE. Zinali zosiyana ku Gala wanzeru chifukwa kudzichepetsa kwake, kuphweka ndi kupanda mantha. Mu Nush anali wokongola zovuta tsoka, amene amasonyeza khalidwe lake. Anabadwiramo ndiponso umene anakuliramo banja la akungoyendayenda ojambula zithunzi, mwachoncho adadziwa "zithumwa" onse a moyo msewu.

NSE anatsegula mbali yatsopano luntha Paulo, anabweretsa ntchito yake yachilendo la mawu akuti "chikondi." Pa zaka 16 Nush anakhalabe pakati pa moyo wa chilengedwe a ndakatulo iyi. Chikondi chimafa mwadzidzidzi mu 1934 afa Nush pa umodzi mwa misewu ya Paris.

Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse

Ngakhale pamaso Nazi Germany anayamba nkhondo asilikali, Paulo anali ndi maganizo oyipa ndi boma. Mu maganizo ake, n'kofunika kukhala wofana mu boma. Mu 1939 ndakatulo asonkhanitsidwa kuti kutsogolo ndi Hitler.

Kutsogolo, anapeza osati mfundo zatsopano za talente, kumasuka mabuku angapo kukonda dziko lako ndakatulo, komanso anadzionetsa kukhala mobisa ndi. Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito yaikulu ya M'minda anali kumasulidwa kwa France kwa adani ndi kubwezeretsa mtendere m'gawo.

Popeza 1942, France anayamba kupereka misa otsatira chikomyunizimu, ndipo Paulo anakhala membala wa Party Communist. Mtima wofuna kuthawa goli lopondereza ameja mu moyo ndakatulo, ndipo zinaonetsera mawu. mabuku kukonda dziko lako wakhala nkhope latsopano la ntchito ya Paulo Eluard, ndi France ndikuyembekeza kumasula. Pol Elyuar, amene ntchito wopyoza kusintha ambiri, anakhalabe kukumbukira France, makamaka ngati ndakatulo chosintha, ufulu womenya.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Imfa Nush mukopedwe ndi ndakatulo. Iye anali yekha mu dziko lino ndi kupeza nokha mu izo. Kwa kanthawi iye ankaganiza kudzipha. Nkhondo yatha, imasonkhezera anafa ndi Paulo sanapeze yekha mu dziko lino. Kwa zaka zambiri, ntchito zake anadzazidwa ndi chisoni oona mtima kumalire ndi dziko la chisangalalo kukonda dziko lako boma lawo.

chikondi chake chomaliza - Dominica, anakumana asanamwalire. Mu 1952, pa msinkhu wa zaka 57, wolemba ndakatulo anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima. Pol Elyuar zaka za moyo zomwe zinachitika mu nthawi zovuta dziko, mbasiya cholowa kwambiri mu mbiri ya France.

Pol Elyuar: chidwi mfundo ku yonena za

• Pambuyo pa imfa ya ndakatulo mu ulendo wake omaliza anapita zikwi za anthu mu Paris.

• Mu 1952, Eluard anachita mu Moscow pa tsiku Viktora Gyugo.

• Mu 1952 anakhala wopambana wa Mphoto ya World.

• Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake Paulo zinagwirizana ndi Mkazi wakale wake, mu chiyembekezo kuti iye adzabwerera kwa iye. Kuti, chifukwa cholemekeza ake mwamuna, sindine wokwatiwa kwa Dali mpaka imfa ndakatulo a.

• Atakhala yodziwa Picasso, Paulo analemba "Kupambana kwa Guernica."

• Timapepala ta ndi ntchito ya Paulo Edyuara mwazisiya m'ndege Paris pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.