Kuyeza zida makhalidwe metrological. Main malangizo a metrology

A mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chuma cha dziko kusewera mfundo metrology, imene muyeso wa magawo thupi la zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chaichi, zipangizo kuyeza zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ntchito imene malamulo ndi malangizo osiyana. ndi kulunjika malangizo metrology mu Russia chiyani? Kodi lamulo amakhala ndi ovomerezeka ndi ntchito metrology?

Metrology ndi chiyani?

Kuyamba kuphunzira mfundo zina ongolankhula, kunyezimiritsa peculiarities wa metrology. Kuyeza zida, metrological makhalidwe - mawu zokhudzana ndi nthambi ili la sayansi.

Malangizo waukulu metrology:

- chiphunzitso cha miyezo;

- kugwiritsa ntchito zedi thupi;

- mavuto kudziwa molondola za miyezo yosiyanasiyana, ndipo pachilichonse kupeza njira thereto;

- kusankha mfundo ndi zitsanzo, komanso kukhazikitsa zawo zothandiza muzochitika zosiyanasiyana za chuma.

Nkhani yaikulu ya kuphunzira pansi kulingalira chilango - njira ndi zipangizo, amene ntchito kuti kuwerengera zinthu zina, zochokera awo kulemera, kutalika, voliyumu, mphamvu, ndi zina zotero ..

Malingaliro zofunika ntchito metrology:

- thupi chizindikiro (chimene chiri chuma cha chinthu, chimene chimasiyanitsa motsatira muyezo wina ndi mzake, ngakhale mokwanira yofanana ndi iyo);

- chingwe (ndondomeko munthu adziwe mtengo winawake wa chizindikiro thupi kutsatira zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndipo poyerekezera ndi mfundo muyeso);

- njira kuyeza ndi polojekiti - zipangizo kuti zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa muyeso wa gulu la chizindikiro thupi.

Ngati ife kulankhula makamaka za njira muyeso, mwina kudziŵika kuti palibe zotere kuperekedwa mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Gawo

Pankhani ambiri pansi muyeso zikutanthauza ambiri amadziwira zomangamanga chida actuated kuti ayeze zinthu zosiyanasiyana, omwe dekhetsa magawo metrological kusinthidwa kwa kubwezeretsa kapena kusunga ena magawo thupi lomwe kufunika ali nawonso zonse mu preset nthawi imeneyi.

Mwina kudziŵika kuti mtundu chiyanjo cha kuyeza zida mu Russia pa mlingo wa boma, monga Agency Federal kwa zaumisiri lamulo ndi Metrology. ali mbali ya gulu lanji? Kuyeza njira (makhalidwe metrological amagwiritsidwa kugwirizana ndi mawu akuti) akhoza ankaimira, makamaka:

- muyeso (monga wothandizira amene adamulowetsa kuti kubereka magawo thupi la kukula makamaka);

- chipangizo (monga wothandizira amene adamulowetsa kuti kupanga chizindikiro enieni kuyeza deta m'njira wosuta-wochezeka);

- inverter (m'mwamba ponena kuti kupanga mbendera deta muyeso kuti kuwapereka kwa processing ndi zina mwa zofunikira mtsikana);

- chingwe system (monga kutolera zipangizo zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zizindikiro muyeso mu mtundu anakhumba kuphatikizapo wosuta).

muyeso wina gulu la kuyeza zida - mlingo wa zokha. Choncho, ali:

- basi;

- pang'ono makina;

- izidzawetedwa.

Metrological kuyeza njira amathanso wachinsinsi zochokera standardization awo. Motero, angakhale:

- yovomerezeka;

- mulibe malamulo oletsa.

muyeso wina gulu la kuyeza zida - ndi magwiridwe mwa dera la calibration. Motero, angakhale:

- mfundo;

- Zida.

muyezo china chofunika kuyeza zida - tanthauzo la chizindikiro mpandawo. Kuchokera pa muyezo ichi, angakhale:

- zazikulu;

- wocheperapo.

Mbali yoyamba muyeso ndi chizindikiro thupi chofunika mu mgwirizano njira bwino ntchito muyeso. Poyankha, pali chingwe chida, makhalidwe metrological omwe amafunika muyeso wa yekha magawo kuti zinakhudza zochepa, komabe zofunika ndi zimafunikira kulembetsa.

Tiyeni tsopano tione chikhalidwe chenicheni cha makhalidwe metrological cha zida ankaona. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zimenezi idzakhala alendo kwa ife, zoyendetsera ntchito ya zomangamanga ndi zogwirizana.

Makhalidwe metrological akayezetsa zida

Malinga ndi mfundo boma lolamulira unsembe zofuna mpheto ya chingwe chida, metrological makhalidwe - ichi ndi magawo luso zimafotokoza katundu cha zida ziwalo komanso okhudza zotsatira za miyezo zosiyanasiyana imachitika kwa zolinga za kuwunika cha khalidwe lawo, komanso kuti molondola kudziwa zotsatira zawo.

Makhalidwe mu funso kungakhale dekhetsa kapena experimental. Woyamba wolembedwa zolembedwa muyezo. Mwachitsanzo, amene ali nawo mu boma anapanga kulembetsa VNIIMS kuyeza njira. Chachiwiri zosungidwazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa vuto makamaka kutenga nkhani kupanga ndondomeko kapena malo omwe miyezo anachita.

Features kulembetsa akayezetsa zida

Imathandiza kuti tione mwatsatanetsatane zimene ndi State Register akayezetsa zida. gwero ndi mbali ya Federal Information Fund ndi adzaloŵetsedwamo kuti aletse zochita amene wavomerezedwa Rosstandart. Register akayezetsa zida lagawidwa m'magawo amene amasonyeza mfundo:

- zipangizo Rosstandart wobvomerezeka, zikalata oyamba kuyeza zida;

- makope yeniyeni ya zida ovomerezeka Rosstandart;

- zatulutsidwa malo onse, amene adaperekeza mayesero kuyeza zida.

kusunga kaundula wa zolinga

Ankaona kaundula anakhalabe kuti:

- mlandu muyeso zida;

- mapangidwe thumba centralized wa mudziwe zosankha zogwirizana amene akhala ovomerezedwa kumasulidwa ndi makampani Russian, komanso ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana a chuma;

- Kulembetsa mabungwe zatulutsidwa nawo mayesero kuyeza zida;

- mlandu opereka Certificate kumuwonetsa kuyeza zida, komanso zikalata mabungwe zatulutsidwa nawo kuyezetsa,

- Malawi mapulogalamu kuyezetsa muyeso zida;

- mfundo thandizo nzika, mabungwe ndi magulu metrology mitundu limati nawo mgwirizano pa kuzindikira ndi kukhazikitsa mayesero kuyeza zida.

Nkhani za m'kaundula

Pakuti mtundu uliwonse wa chida, mfundo amene amapezeka mu Register, ndi kuliika:

- dzina;

- kulembetsa chiwerengero;

- cholinga;

- m'dziko la chiyambi;

- Mlengi;

- dzina la malo mayeso;

- nthawi satifiketi;

- mauthenga pa imeneyi pakati verifications;

- mauthenga okhudza ndondomeko yotsimikiza.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu makamaka akayezetsa chida ikuchitika Rosstandart potengera zotsatira za zipangizo zogwirizana unachitikira boma apadera malo.

Ngati ife kulankhula za udindo wa boma mu lamulo la ntchito zida mu funso, ndi kuti, yothandizana kulengedwa boma m'kaundula akayezetsa VNIIMS mawu a kuwerengera ntchito ya akatswiri phunziro la magawo thupi m'madera osiyana, n'zotheka kulabadira mbali zoterozo ntchito ya nyumba boma monga yotsimikiza ndi chitsimikizo miyezo zomangamanga. Tiyeni kuphunzira mfundo iyi mwatsatanetsatane.

Yotsimikiza zipangizo kayesedwe

Choncho, pamodzi ndi zinthu monga Mwachitsanzo, mtundu chiyanjo cha kuyeza zida, boma kugwira ntchito zonse ntchito zawo. Makamaka, m'njira monga yachinsinsi. Malamulo khalidwe osiyana malamulo ake feduro.

Malinga ndi madalitso ake, kutsimikizira zida muyeso angapo milandu ndi kuvomerezedwa. Mwachitsanzo, boma muyeso zikutanthauza patsogolo ntchito leni, ndi kukhazikitsa kukonza awo zifunike - mu mtundu chochitika chachikulu kapena nthawi lolingana.

Ntchito ogwiritsa izi zipangizo - kuchita macheke m'nthawi yake. Mfundo wothandizira chuma ali ndi ufulu kugwira yake, koma chokha pansi - pamaso pa kuvomerezeka ntchito m'munda wa yokonza mgwirizano miyezo luso. Nthawi zina, yachinsinsi lidzawotchedwa ikuchitika ndi utumiki apadera metrological, limene zatulutsidwa. Monga ulamuliro, inakwaniritsidwa milandu anthu omwe boma la Russia anatsimikiza mndandanda yeniyeni akayezetsa zida zimene yachinsinsi adzakhala kuchitikira malinga chiwembu zogwirizana.

Poyamba zinkaoneka ndondomeko ikuchitika, satifiketi ali linapereka kukhazikitsa. M'madipatimenti woyenera boma akhoza kukhala zizindikiro zapadera calibration, komanso dongosolo kwa bukuli. Komanso, mabungwe ena aboma angakhale ovomerezeka kusonkhanitsa zotsatira za yotsimikiza zipangizo zosiyanasiyana chingwe.

Nthawi zina, ngakhale chida makamaka sikuphatikizidwa mu mndandanda akayezetsa zida zimene wozengereza verifications zofunika, wosuta amachita zoterezi zomangamanga yoyenera ndondomeko mwaufulu.

Zida chitsimikizo kayesedwe

Mu chimango cha boma lamulo la ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana muyeso ndi anagwiritsanso ndi chitsimikizo cha zomangamanga ndi. Kwenikweni ake - chitsimikizidwa pamwamba ntchito zonse otetezeka zipangizo zina. Komanso, chida mbiri yabwino zili m'gulu la State Register akayezetsa zida. Childs, ndondomeko mu funso ikukhudza kapangidwe:

- GOST Certificate R kapena GOST R chida atchedwe motsata;

- kalata za mtundu wa kuyeza zida.

Chitsimikizo angathe kuchitidwa mu chimodzi Rosstandart zatulutsidwa malo. Chitsimikizo - ndondomeko yomwe, ngati yachinsinsi, mwina lamulo kwa zida zina chingwe. Childs, malamulo amenewa unakhazikitsidwa kuti kuyeza zida, amene ntchito pa mbali zotsatirazi:

- ntchito yausilikali ya boma;

- mankhwala;

- ntchito za mabungwe yazamalamulo;

- mapu;

- yoyeza;

- Chithunzi cha kukhazikitsa lamulo la pachilichonse za miyezo.

Ovomerezeka a zipangizo kayesedwe

Imathandiza kuganizira mfundo imeneyi ya ntchito zipangizo, amatchedwa kukondweretsa kuyeza zida. Ndondomeko imeneyi idzachitika ndi nawo boma monga mbali ya ulamuliro metrological. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu kuyeza njira amanyamula woyenera metrology utumiki. Mu akonzedwa izi:

- njira ndikukhazikitsa yachinsinsi amatanthauza kuona makhalidwe;

- zizindikiro zenizeni kuyeza molondola makhalidwe;

- mulingo woyenera ranges wa calibration chida.

Kudzera mwa kuyeza zotsatira za chovomerezedwa ulamuliro woyenera adzakhala apereke chikalata wapadera. Tikuyankhula zokhudza gwero amenewa Kalata chiyanjo cha kuyeza zida. Iwo akhoza unayendera pa chipangizo osiyana, ndi kupanga siriyo mwa zosankha zogwirizana.

The chikhalidwe cha mtundu wachiwiri wa chikalata mwina mwambo wa ena specifications Mlengi. Kuti apereke kalata akayezetsa zida, izo ndi zofunika kukhala zolembedwa chapadera chimene chimagwira ntchito chida cha. Ngati ife kulankhula za chikalata cha mtanda kupanga njira, ndi ulamuliro woyenera kwa zaka 5. Pambuyo pake, n'zotheka kutambasuka pamaziko a pempho la Mlengi. Nayenso ngati satifiketi ndi chikalata kuti mankhwala limodzi, nthawi n'loonadi limafanana ndi nthawi zipangizo utumiki.

Calibration akayezetsa zida

Mbali ina yofunika pa boma lamulo mu dera la metrology - zochita malamulo, malamulo njira imene ayenera kuchitidwa calibration akayezetsa zida. Kodi mawu amenewa amatanthauza chiyani?

Calibration akayezetsa zida - ndondomeko yomwe ikuchitika kuti aone komanso kutsimikizira mfundo zenizeni za makhalidwe metrological ndi woyenerera kwa zipangizo ntchito muyeso. Chachikulu kusiyana kwa yachinsinsi cha calibration - ndi ndondomeko mu funso kuzindikira koposa zonse pankhani anthu kuyeza zida kuti si nkhani kulamulira ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi akuluakulu onse.

Malinga ndi malamulo Russian zipangizo kuti sizikhudza lamulo boma la munda pamene kuonetsetsa pachilichonse za miyezo, pa maziko yaufulu akhoza calibrated. Ndondomeko ikuchitika ntchito zosiyanasiyana mfundo zimene poyerekeza ndi mayiko mfundo yaikulu, kapena kulibe awo, ndi mayiko, amene amavomerezedwa m'mayiko ena.

Calibration amalepheretsa anthu - mabungwe malonda ndi amalonda munthu nkhani ndi ndimeyi a kuvomerezeka kwawo. Zotsatira za njirayi akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga mbali ya yotsimikiza njira zina za muyeso m'njira anatsimikiza ndi boma Russian. Choncho, ngakhale kuti calibration akayezetsa zida ndi zaufulu, boma mwina kuperewera kulembetsa malamulo lolamulira khalidwe la njirayi ndi zotsatira zake ntchito.