Olemba ndakatulo otchuka a Chifalansa

France ndi dziko lomwe liri patsogolo pa ena. Panali pano pomwe machitidwe oyambirira anakhazikitsidwa, osati chikhalidwe chokha, komanso mabuku, omwe adakhudza chitukuko cha luso lonse lapansi. Olemba Achifalansa ndi olemba ndakatulo ankafuna mapiri osawerengeka. N'zosangalatsanso kuti kunali ku France kuti ntchito ya akatswiri ambiri anayesedwa ngakhale m'moyo. Lero tidzakamba za olemba ofunika kwambiri ndi olemba ndakatulo a XIX - zaka za m'ma XX, komanso atsegula chophimba pa nthawi zosangalatsa za miyoyo yawo.

Victor Marie Hugo (1802-1885)

Sizingatheke kuti olemba ndakatulo achi French angagwirizane ndi kukula kwa Victor Hugo. Wolemba yemwe sankakhala ndi mantha kuti alembe zolemba zawo zapamwamba m'mabuku ake, ndipo panthaŵi imodzimodziyo ndakatulo yachikondi, anakhala ndi moyo wautali wodzaza ndi zozizwitsa. Hugo monga mlembi sankazindikiridwa panthawi yonse ya moyo wake - iye anali wolemera pochita ntchitoyi.

Pambuyo pa "Katolika ya Notre Dame" ulemerero wake unangowonjezereka. Kodi pali olemba ambiri padziko lapansi amene angakhale ndi dzina lawo kwa zaka 4 pamsewu ? Pa zaka 79 za moyo (pa tsiku la kubadwa kwa Victor Hugo), chida chogonjetsa chinamangidwa pa Eylau Avenue - inde, pansi pa mawindo a wolemba. Kupyolera mwa iye tsiku limenelo kudutsa anthu 600,000 okonda talente yake. Posakhalitsa msewuwo unatchedwanso ku Victor-Hugo.

Pambuyo pake, Victor Marie Hugo anasiya ntchito zokongola komanso cholowa chambiri, francs 50,000 omwe adaperekedwa kwa osauka, komanso mfundo yachilendo mu chifuniro. Anayitanitsa kuti likhale likulu la dziko la France - Paris - ku Hugopolis. Kwenikweni, ichi ndi chinthu chokha chomwe sichinayidwe.

Theophile Gautier (1811-1872)

Pamene Victor Hugo anakumana ndi chiphunzitso cha classicist, Theophile Gautier anali mmodzi mwa omuthandiza kwambiri komanso omvera. Olemba ndakatulo a ku France adalandila bwino kwambiri: Gauthier anali ndi njira yokha yolembera mosalekeza, komanso anatsegulira nthawi yatsopano mu luso la France, lomwe kenako linakhudza dziko lonse lapansi.

Atatsutsa ndondomeko yake yoyamba mu miyambo yabwino ya chikondi, Theophile Gautier panthawi imodzimodziyo adatchulidwa m'mavesi achikhalidwe awo ndipo anasintha zizindikiro za ndakatulo. Iye sanalembe za kukongola kwa chirengedwe, chikondi chosatha ndi ndale. Komanso, ndakatuloyi inalengeza kuti luso limeneli ndilofunika kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndakatulo zake, pokhalabe achikondi, sizinali zawo - zomverera zinapangidwira.

M'ndandanda yomaliza, "Enamels and cameos", yomwe imatengedwa kuti ndi yopambana pa ntchito ya Theophile Gautier, manifesto ya "Parnassian school" - "Art" inalowanso. Iye analengeza mfundo ya "luso chifukwa cha luso", zomwe olemba ndakatulo achi French adatenga mosagwirizana.

Arthur Rambo (1854-1891)

Wolemba ndakatulo waku France Arthur Rimbaud adapatsa moyo wake ndi ndakatulo kwa mibadwo yambiri. Ali mwana, nthawi zambiri anathawira kunyumba kupita ku Paris, komwe anakumana ndi Paul Verlaine, kumulembera ndakatulo "Chombo choledzera". Kulumikizana kwaubwenzi pakati pa ndakatulo posakhalitsa kunasanduka chikondi. Ichi ndi chomwe chinachititsa Verlaine kuchoka m'banja.

Pa nthawi yonse ya Rimbaud zokhazokha ziwiri zidatulutsidwa ndi zosiyana - ndime yoyamba "Shipwangwa Chombo", chomwe chinamuthandiza kuzindikira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ntchito ya ndakatuloyo inali yochepa kwambiri. Iye analemba ndakatulo zonse zomwe zili ndi zaka 15 mpaka 21. Ndipo pambuyo pa Arthur Rimbaud anakana kulemba. Kwathunthu. Ndipo iye anakhala wogulitsa, kugulitsa zonunkhira, zida ndi ^ anthu kwa moyo wake wonse.

Olemba ndakatulo otchuka a ku France Paul Eluard ndi Guillaume Apollinaire amadziwika ngati olowa m'malo mwa Arthur Rimbaud. Ntchito yake ndi munthu wake anauzira Henry Miller pa mutu wakuti "Time of the Killers", ndipo Patti Smith nthawi zonse amalankhula za ndakatulo ndikulemba ndakatulo zake.

Paul Verlaine (1844-1896)

Olemba ndakatulo a ku France a zakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi anasankha Paul Verlaine kukhala "mfumu" yawo, koma mfumu mwa iye siidali yokwanira: Verreine anali wovuta komanso wosangalatsa. Mmodzi wa "abambo" owonetsera chidwi ndi zolemba m'mabuku, wolemba ndakatulo analemba ndakatulo, kukongola kwa mawu omwe sangathe kumasulira kulikonse.

Ziribe kanthu wolemba ndakatulo wa ku France anali woopsa, Rimbaud adagwira ntchito yaikulu m'tsogolo mwake. Atakumana ndi mtsikana Arthur, Paulo anamusamalira. Anasanthula wolemba ndakatuloyo kuti amange nyumba, ngakhale kwa kanthawi am'bwereka chipinda chake, ngakhale kuti analibe chuma. Chikondi chawo chinachitika kwa zaka zingapo: Verlaine atasiya banja, adayenda, adamwa ndikusangalala kwambiri.

Pamene Rimbaud anaganiza kuti achoke, Verlaine anawombera dzanja lake. Ngakhale kuti wozunzidwa anakana pempholo, Paul Verlaine anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka ziwiri. Pambuyo pake, sanabwezere. Chifukwa chotheka kuti asiye gulu la Arthur Rimbaud Verlaine sanathe kubwerera kwa mkazi wake - anapeza chisudzulo ndi kumuwononga kwathunthu.

Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918)

Mwana wamwamuna wolamulira wachi Poland, wobadwira ku Rome, Guillaume Apollinaire ndi wa France. Icho chinali ku Paris kuti iye anakhala wachinyamata ndi zaka zokhwima, mpaka imfa yake. Mofanana ndi zilankhulo zina za Chifalansa za nthawiyo, Apollinaire anali kufunafuna mawonekedwe atsopano ndi mwayi, wofuna kukhumudwitsa - ndipo atapambana.

Pambuyo pofalitsidwa ndi a prose pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerewere mwachindunji ndi mndandanda wa olemba ndakatulo Otsalira, kapena chigwirizano cha Orpheus, chomwe chinasindikizidwa mu 1911, Guillaume Apollinaire akufalitsa mndandanda wa zoledzeretsa wa Alcohol (1913), womwe unakopa chidwi cha kulemba kwa galamala, Zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi zojambula.

Mndandanda wa "Caligram" wapita patsogolo - zilembo zonse zomwe zinaphatikizidwa mu zolembazi zinalembedwa mwanjira yodabwitsa: mizere ya ntchitoyi imakonzedwanso mu silhouettes zosiyana. Momwe amawerengera wowerenga ndi mkazi yemwe ali mu chipewa, nkhunda yomwe ikuuluka pamwamba pa kasupe, maluwa a maluwa ... Fomu iyi imasonyeza kuti ndimeyi ndi yofunika kwambiri. Njirayo, mwa njira, ili kutali ndi yatsopano - kupereka ndakatulo mawonekedwe omwe anayambitsidwa ndi Chingerezi m'zaka za XVII, koma panthawi imeneyo Apollinaire ankayembekeza kuonekera kwa "kulemba kwachangu", zomwe Ofufuzawo anakonda kwambiri.

Mawu akuti "kudzipereka" ndi a Guillaume Apollinaire. Iye adawonekera atatha kupanga sewero lake la Surrealist "The Sisters of Tiresias" mu 1917. Olemba ndakatulo pamodzi ndi iye, motsogoleredwa ndi nthawiyi, anayamba kutchedwa opondereza.

André Breton (1896-1966)

Kwa Andre Breton, msonkhano ndi Guillaume Apollinaire unakhala chizindikiro. Zinachitika kutsogolo, m'chipatala, kumene a André, dokotala wophunzitsidwa, ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Apollinaire analandira mgwirizano (chidutswa cha projectile chinagunda mutu), pambuyo pake sanachire.

Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1916, Andre Breton wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito yolemba ndakatulo. Amakumana ndi Louis Aragon, Philippe Supo, Tristan Tzara, Paul Eluard, amavumbulutsa ndakatulo ya Lautraemont. Mu 1919, pambuyo pa imfa ya Apollinaire, olemba ndakatulo oyamba adayamba kukonzekera pafupi ndi Andre Breton. Komanso chaka chino, ntchito yogwirizana ndi Philippe Soupo, yotchedwa "Magnetic fields", yolembedwa molingana ndi njira ya "kujambula zolembera", imafalitsidwa.

Kuyambira mu 1924, atangolengeza Manifesto yoyamba ya Surrealism, André Breton anakhala mtsogoleri wa gululi. Kunyumba kwake pa Fontaine Avenue, Boma la Surreal Studies limatsegula, magazini akufalitsidwa. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha msonkhano weniweni wa maiko-ofanana maofesi anayamba kutseguka m'midzi yambiri kuzungulira dziko lapansi.

Wolemba ndakatulo wachifalansa André Breton analimbikitsa anthu ake kuti alowe mu Pulezidenti wa Chikomyunizimu. Anakhulupirira zokhudzana ndi chikomyunizimu kotero kuti adakumananso ndi Leon Trotsky ku Mexico (ngakhale panthawi imeneyo anali atathamangitsidwa kale ku chipani cha Communist).

Louis Aragon (1897-1982)

Mnzanga wokhulupirika ndi mnzake wa Apollinaire, Louis Aragon anali wa André Breton wamanja. Wolemba ndakatulo wa ku France, wachikominisi mpaka imfa yake yomaliza, mu 1920 Aragon anamasula mndandanda woyamba wa ndakatulo "Fireworks", wolembedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi Dada.

Pambuyo polemba ndakatulo mu Party ya Chikomyunizimu mu 1927, pamodzi ndi Breton, ntchito yake yasinthidwa. Iye mwanjira ina amakhala "mawu a phwando", ndipo mu 1931 iye akuimbidwa mlandu wa ndakatulo "The Red Front", ili ndi mzimu woopsa wa kusangalatsa.

Peru, Louis Aragon nayenso ndi wa "Mbiri ya USSR". Iye adatsindika mfundo za chikominisi kwa moyo wake wonse, ngakhale kuti ntchito zake zaposachedwa zinabwereranso ku miyambo yowona, osati zofiira "zofiira."