Penoblok: kukula thovu chipika, mbiri ya zikamera ndi ntchito ziyembekezo

Aliyense kayendedwe ka omanga amachitidwa pa liwiro zina. Ndale njerwa dongo wolemera pafupi 3 kg, kapena lalikulu thovu chipika cha unyinji omwewo kuikidwa mpanda wa munthu ndi nthawi yomweyo. Koma kukula kwa chipika thovu ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kapena kasanu khumi ndi kukula kwa njerwa ndi, amene kwambiri kumawonjezera liwiro la zomangamanga. Ubwino wina ofunika a zomangila kuwala ndi ofunda ndi kuti zomatira chofunika kwa iye, osati njira zovuta.

Nkhani ya midadada thovu

Mu 1923 Swedish wamanga John Axel Eriksson anatulukira luso wachibadidwe latsopano la njerwa kupanga pomanga nyumba. Kuyesa kasakaniza konkire pa kolowera siteji, Erickson anayamba kuliza mpweya. Mkati unyinji wa mpweya ndipamene M'mimbamo yaing'ono, sizinatero pamwamba. mayesero zimasonyeza kuti zinthu chifukwa ndi opepuka madutsidwe ake matenthedwe ndi anatsika ndi kangapo. kuchepetsa kulemera ali anakankhira wamng'ono kafukufuku kubala njerwa zikuluzikulu, zimene anaitana cubes kapena atilakwira. Kutalika kwa midadada chithovu awonjezera ndi nthawi 8-10 poyerekeza ndi njerwa dongo. cholingachi ikukambidwayo pa fakitale yaing'ono njerwa. Poyamba iye sizinamusangalatse opanga, chifukwa mtengo wa zinthu zatsopano anali ndithu mkulu ndi mankhwala sanali wokongola kwa ogula. Only mu 1929, Erickson anakhoza kukhala chenicheni zinalili konkire porous ndi zipangizo kupanga kwa midadada thovu. The Depression Great mu zaka pafupifupi m'manda maganizo luso munthu. Koma patapita chaka chinali chachikulu njerwa fakitale pa nthawi kuti ulimi wa zidutswa miliyoni angapo kuwala yomanga midadada ya doko la zombo zapanyanja. dongosolo ili la guilders mamiliyoni asanu analoledwa kukuza kupanga ndi kuyamba kupanga zinthu zatsopano nyumbayi, yomwe inayamba kuti anthu ambiri mwa omanga.

Development asayansi zoweta kulenga thovu midadada

Ganizo womwewo wa njerwa opepuka anali kuphunzira nafe. Mu mmasate oyambirira a m'zaka lomaliza ku Central Asia State University (Tashkent) zinalembedwa analogues Swedish Kutulukira. vv Sablikov akufuna konkire Kusakaniza ndi osalimba otsika ndi mkulu matenthedwe kukana (ntchito chidachitika popanda Swedish, zinali kuti zakuthupi kuti ali katundu amaonekera zidina njerwa, koma olimba). Miyeso ya thovu chipika Martina Sáblíková kuposa njerwa ochiritsira. Poyamba, ndodo ankakonda lingaliro, analemba za izo kwambiri, wasayansi wamng'ono ananeneratu chiphaso chayandikira cha mutu wa pulofesa. Panali ngakhale anamanga nyumba zambiri pa kaonedwe ka zinthu. Mmodzi wa iwo zilipodi, mu izo kwa zaka zambiri ndi Museum chilengedwe Central Asia. Koma machenjerero nsanje anali amphamvu kuposa mfundo, Martina Sáblíková amaletsanso Article 58. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, anadzipereka kupita kutsogolo mongodzipereka, ndiye anapanga ku mlandu battalions chilango. Mu nkhondo yoyamba mu 1942, iye anamwalira. Dziko aiwala mwasankha kuti chidali chifuniro iyace, alenga pafupifupi 80 zapitazo. Technology kubala opepuka konkire opanga zoweta zomangira anagula mu United States mu Mipingo oyambirira.

Ntchito yomanga midadada thovu

Mu dziko lathu, mu zaka za m'ma otsiriza anayamba kubala opepuka akaphatikiza midadada konkire. Iwo kale kuposa wamba njerwa dongo mu makhalidwe awo. Koma silinakwaniritsidwe thovu chipika, iye zikungowoneka ngati iye. Kumangidwa Boom ndi kuwala thovu konkire anayamba ina. Miyeso ya chipika thovu ndi mawonekedwe pafupifupi wangwiro analola kuti tikambirane sayansi ya makoma a nyumba. Tsopano, m'malo simenti-mchenga matope chifukwa zingwe zinthu payekha ankafuna zomatira kulumikiza zinthu anthuwo mu umodzi dongosolo okhwima. Maonekedwe a midadada thovu ukadaulo zomangamanga, omanga ambiri adakomana mosamala. misa zawo zosokonezeka za chuma structural, kukula ndi lalikulu la chipika thovu ndi mtengo. Pofuna kuthetsa kukayikira akatswiri, midadada mabuku mayeso a foams sanatsatiridwe. Zotsatira kudabwa akatswiri yake. Ambiri sankakhulupirira deta mphamvu ndi maphunziro matenthedwe. maganizo zake zoipa ulili chifanizo cha zinthu zatsopano ndipo zimapangidwa ndi nthumwi za mafakitale lonse - kupanga njerwa. Ndipotu, iwo kwenikweni ndi zinthu miyambo nyumba wotaya kukwaniritsa zonse yekha khalidwe - wagawo mtengo wa njerwa muyezo wophikidwa dongo pansipa.

Chiyembekezo cha thovu midadada mu Russia

Ambiri a m'dera la dziko lathu mu zone ndi frosts amphamvu yozizira. Makoma ayenera mumakhala kapena kumanga kotero waukulu danga adzakhala zochepa. Akutali zitsanzo safuna kupita mozungulira ndipo aliyense akhala m'mabanja omwe khoma makulidwe ali pafupi yapansi panthaka. Pali m'modzi yekha - ntchito imayenera kutchinjiriza, moti kuchepetsa makulidwe yochitira nyumba. Pakuti chizindikiro ichi, chuma cha nyumba zogwira mtima structural ntchito ndi mkulu matenthedwe kukana adzakhala kufunika mu zomangamanga. Miyeso ya chipika thovu ndi chotero kuti n'kovuta yekha kunyamula mtunda pa yaitali (ma CD pa pallets) zikhoza anasamukira pa zomangamanga, mwamsanga wokwera malinga ndi partitions (makamaka partitions, monga sikutanthauza zina pansi amveke), mwangwiro akuzisunga kutentha ndi ndi kwambiri phokoso insulator.