Njerwa: kukula. Kukula silicate woyera njerwa

Pa mbiri yake chitukuko cha njerwa ndi lasintha ambiri. Koma mpaka pano, chidutswa zinthu yokumba akanali Ambiri ntchito mwala otsika-nyamuka yomanga.

The zaka malire a njerwa, kapena nthawi kupuma?

Anthu ambiri zomangira njerwa mpikisano mu ntchito za mbiri akhoza kupanga yekha muti peno namyala. Kutchula koyamba za ntchito zake zimapezeka zambiri maumboni olembedwa Asia. Anapeza njerwa ndi zofukulidwa ku Mesopotamia ndi China. Chitukuko cha Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantium ndipo kenako ankagwiritsa ntchito mfundoyi yomanga. Kotero kuti ndi ziwerengero kwambiri ndiwofatsa zaka njerwa dongo zaka zosachepera 5-10 zikwi.

History zamitundu matailosi dongo, ndi njerwa plinths

Kumene, mankhwala a nthawi anam'berekera nkhope masiku ano. Asanayambe luso dongo mfuti zinali kutali, ndi miyeso liniya wa njerwa ceramic ndi osiyana kwambiri panopa. Koma akale Greek mbiya miyala, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito pomanga zouma pamoto. Uvuni kuti anamangidwira pafupi ndi chinthu, anali chosakhalitsa ndipo ankaiphwasula pambuyo yokonza mankhwala. Pamodzi ndi za nsangalabwi, njerwa, amene miyeso zinali zosiyanasiyana pamene ku 600 × 300 600 × 30 × 300 × 90 mm, anali mmodzi wa zipangizo yaikulu yomanga Greece. Mu luso Byzantine wa zomangamanga walandira kutsogolera zatsopano chitukuko. Opanga nthawi ntchito njira kaphatikizidwe ndi zipangizo zina yomanga ndi matailosi kuti amalola kuti amange zazikulu nyumba ceramic.

Nthawi ya anaiwalika ndi kuuka

Mu Middle Ages ambiri a sayansi wakale kuti anachita mantha m'chilimwe, kuyambira erection nyumba ku Europe ntchito zabwino kwambiri zipangizo - zachilengedwe mwala, yamitengo ndi zidina zina. Koma mu East Roma, limene kwa nthawi yaitali boma otchuka mu dera, atagona luso midadada ceramic kuteteza ndi kupititsa patsogolo. Byzantine njerwa Nsembe amene miyeso zosiyana (kuchokera 290 × 115 × 31 mamilimita 350 × 350 × 51 mm) yaitali nkhani wotchuka nyumba oyambirira akale. M'zaka za m'ma XV Constantinople anagwa, koma luso la amisiri chake osati atayika. okhala amathawathawa za ufumuwo kuti akhamukira ku Europe, makamaka chinathandiza Kukula kwa mzinda madera a Italy mayiko ndiponso wamphamvu kwambiri mu gawo la makono France, Germany ndi ena.

Evolution njerwa makhalidwe: kulemera, kukula, zipangizo

Kenako luso njerwa kupanga zonse kusanduka. Kuzindikira makhalidwe a chuma ndi kukhalabe i okhwima kupanga zinthu zake sitampu. Ponseponse kupangidwa mu Netherlands ndi subspecies ake - chibanthu. Maonekedwe osiyana ndi a ulimi ake anali owirikiza yowotcha kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa 1100-1500 ^{° C,} ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo tonkoizmelchonnyh clays fusible. Ochiritsira ceramic njerwa Dutch zamitundu ranged kuchokera 150 × 70 × 35 mm (otchedwa midget) mpaka 280 × 130 × 80 mm (kunyumba kukula). Panalinso lalikulu-mtundu kuwaona - 280 × 130 × 70 mm, dzina lake polemekeza St. Martin. Iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito pa ntchito yomanga nyumba za chipembedzo ndi nsanja. Dzina chibanthu anatuluka chifukwa cha phokoso osiyana ndi a Klink. Iwo ananyamuka pamene amapatutsidwa pa ntchito Mkhalidwe wa mankhwala. Mu kamvekedwe ndi distinctness "kulira" njerwa anakumana ambuye anatsimikiza kopita kwa nkhaniyo. Miyala ndi phokoso wopanda ndi maonekedwe amagwiritsa ntchito yomanga nyumba katundu mwankhanza kapena cladding. Nkhani otsalawo, amene akugwa pansi culling ndi ntchito mipanda pomanga, amaika mumsewu misewu ya ena, mbali zochepa yovuta. Chifukwa, chibanthu, amene akulimbana ndi maganizo makina ndi kukamaomba m'zinthu zoposa 300 "amaundana-m'firiji pamtunda" anakhala pamwamba pa mbiya wokhathamira. Pa maziko ake anapanga sukulu ya yomanga nyumba kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, zomwe si pobwezera m'malo awo mpaka tsopano.

Optimizing kukula kwa zipangizo ceramic khoma Russia ndi Europe

Zoyesayesa oyamba standardize kukula kwa njerwa mizu mu masiku amakedzana hoary. Mu Russia, njirazi ndi zambiri Peter I. Pamene njerwa amene kukula anali 280 × 140 × 70 mm, anali kwambiri mukonda. Control ndiye ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi yardsticks wapadera kuti anali ndi aliyense mbuye. Iwo kufika yogwirizanitsa ena. Iwo manyazi pamene womangidwa kwa Mlengi anadziŵa bungler madzi abwino. Pambuyo zoyesayesa zonse standardize nthawi kumutsutsa ku obereketsa kuti kugulitsa katundu aliyense payekha ndipo anafuna kuchepetsa kukula kusamalira zipangizo. Masiku kwa kukhathamiritsa zamitundu ceramic mwala unkagwiritsidwa kwa zaka XVII-XX, osati Russia, komanso ku mayiko a ku Ulaya. Ichi chinali chifukwa mayiko ntchito ndi mankhwala ochiritsira kuti sindikufuna kusokoneza awo stacking miniaturization kapena onenepa. Pa nthawi yomweyo kupeza kutchuka ntchito zosiyana kukula ceramic mwala mu Europe, kupereka nyumba wodekha ndi m'maganizo. Ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa zosiyanasiyana za lonse zakuthupi, amene anapereka m'munsimu.

The mitundu ndi makulidwe a mankhwala ceramic limati zosiyanasiyana

Wotchuka kwambiri m'mbuyomu ndipo tsopano njerwa, kutalika kwa amene kuwonetsedwa millimeters mogwirizana ndi dongosolo lonse la miyeso.

Dutch:

• midget (150 × 70 × 35);
• masisitere (280 × 130 × 80);
• kulankhulana. Martin (280 × 130 × 70 mm);
• kunyumba yaing'ono (285 × 135 × 85);
• kunyumba lalikulu (285 × 135 × 85).

Belgium:

• "Mivi" (180 × 85 × 50);
• "Brussels" (200 × 95 × 60);
• "VA" (210 × 100 × 70);
• "Roma" (220 × 105 × 40);
• "Gawo 50" (190 × 90 × 50);
• Roman zazikulu (240 × 105 × 40).

German:

• 8 inchi "Goldstein" (190 × 90 × 40);
• 8 inchi (195 × 92 × 50);
• OF (220 × 105 × 52);
• WF (210 × 100 × 50);
• WF unakhuthala (210 × 100 × 65);
• Roma (240 × 115 × 40);
• masisitere (330 × 250 × 69).

Chidanishi:

• muyezo mtundu (DNF) (228 × 108 × 55);
• masisitere (290 × 140 × 90).

European:

• EF (240 × 100 × 71);
• woonda njerwa (DF) (240 × 115 × 52);
• 2 DF (240 × 115 × 113);
• 3 DF (240 × 175 × 113);
• 4 DF (240 × 115 × 238);
• 8 DF (240 × 240 × 238);
• 10 DF (240 × 300 × 238).

kadzutsa:

• muyezo (250 × 120 × 62).

Russian:

• sesquihydrate (250 × 120 × 88);
• Single njerwa - kukula 250h120h65 mamilimita;
• Wapawiri (250 × 120 × 138).

Chinorowe:

• muyezo (230 × 110 × 65).

Austria:

• muyezo (250 × 120 × 62).

Prussia:

• masisitere "Marienburg" (320 × 150 × 90).

Babulo (310 × 180 × 70).

Stone Byzantine (290 × 115 × 31).

Russian njerwa ndi kukula kwake lero

mawonekedwe ano ake Russian chidutswa cha zipangizo dongo yotengedwa yekha mu 1927. Chinachake patapita zikalata normative amaoneka kukula umodzi njerwa ceramic ndi mfundo theka ndi mawonekedwe awiri. Pomaliza, deta amenewa adzachoka kuvomereza oyamba mu ntchito ochiritsira unit wa muyeso wa zinthu structural a nyumba ndi katundu, amene, monga mwa Baibulo atsopano GOST 28984-91 dzina lake "gawo". Kodi chidwi, liwu limodzi ndi theka njerwa si anatsimikizira mwamasamu, kuyambira kutalika kwake poyerekezera ndi umodzi ndi 88: 65 ≈ 1,35. Chotero tanthauzo la izo mu jargon ya malamulo nyumbayi. Nthawi zambiri mawuwa akusonyeza kusamvana silicate woyera njerwa kuti ndi 250 × 120 × 88 mm. Kupanga malonda mchenga ndi laimu analipo yekha mu XX atumwi, pambuyo tumphatumpha Mkhalidwe mu mafakitale zipangizo mankhwala nyumbayi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira youma kukanikiza ndi kaphatikizidwe autoclaved kashiamu silicate njerwa, kukula, mtengo ndi mphamvu makhalidwe si zogwira mtima, anatengedwa kagawo kakang'ono structural zipangizo kuti ntchito chinyezi kunja ndi kutentha. Pajatu mtengo wa 1 mita ³ mankhwala amenewa akuyamba pa $ 180, kotero iwo ali mu ankafuna.

Kenako, mu nkhani ya njerwa kapena chirichonse basi kuyambira ...

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha midadada ceramic ndi makulidwe awo kamodzinso, chikutsimikizira kuti kusintha zina mwa ntchito katundu chidutswa sali kutali. Pambuyo pa zamoyo wa zomangamanga si chilili.