Otchedwa thupi? Chamoyo: Tanthauzo

Otchedwa thupi, ndi mmene kumasiyana ndi zinthu zina za m'chilengedwe? Mu lingaliro ili kumvetsa thupi lomwe lili ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu osiyana. Iwo kusiyanitsa lake ku zinthu zopanda moyo. Kumasulira kwa organismus Latin amatanthauza "kudziŵitsa wochepa taonani," "kukonza". Dzina lake likunenera dongosolo ena a chamoyo chilichonse. kafukufuku amachita ndi zamoyo gulu. Zamoyo amenewo akukantha yosiyanasiyana awo. Pamene anthu ena m'gulu zikuchokera mitundu ndi anthu. Mu mawu ena - ndi structural unit wa wina muyezo wa amoyo. Kumvetsa zimene amatchedwa thupi, tiyenera kuonera zinthu zosiyana siyana.

General gulu

Lake linanena ndithu angafotokoze zomwenso ake, imakhala maselo. Akatswiri kudziwa vnesistematicheskie siyana ngati zinthu:

• tating'ono;

• multicellular.

Mu gulu osiyana akutali wapakatikati therebetween gulu monga chambiri zamoyo unicellular. ntchito yawo tinganene mu sanali nyukiliya ndi nyukiliya. Pakuti mayiko zinthu zonsezi anagawira kudutsa magulu angapo. Ndiyamika mugawo ili m'magulu a zinthu zamoyo (zamoyo kalasi 6) zakambidwa mwachidule mu yaikulu zamoyo gulu.

Selo Lingaliro

Tanthawuzo la "chamoyo" yogwirizana ndi siyana monga foni. Ndi unit zikuluzikulu m'moyo. selo kuti ndi chonyamulira weniweni wa katundu zonse zamoyo. Mu chikhalidwe yekha mavairasi amene ali mawonekedwe si ma, mulibe iwo mu dongosolo lake. Izi wagawo zikuluzikulu m'moyo ndi kapangidwe ka zamoyo adzalandira kuchotsedwa kwa katundu ndi limagwirira a kagayidwe. Cell amatha kuli ufulu ndi chitukuko cha kudzikonda kubalana.

Chikhulupiriro chakuti zamoyo n'zosavuta zikugwirizanira mabakiteriya ambiri mogwirizana, ndiwo umodzi tating'ono zamoyo ndi bowa multicellular, zomera, nyama chikukhudza ndi kuchuluka kwa mayunitsi a moyo. maselo osiyana ndi dongosolo lawo. Choncho, zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo prokaryotic organelle monga kapisozi ndi, plasmalemma, khoma selo, ribosomes, cytoplasm, pulasimidi nucleoid, bakiteriya udzakhalire, kumwa. Mu eukaryotes, pali organelles zotsatirazi: phata, Kakhungu nyukiliya ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, zida Golgi, vacuoles, vesicles, maselo.

The tanthauzo zamoyo "chamoyo" ndi kuwona mbali ina ya sayansi imeneyi. Kapangidwe ndi njira ya moyo wawo chinkhoswe mu cytology. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi zambiri amaitcha cell zamoyo.

zamoyo tating'ono

Lingaliro la "zokhala ndi selo imodzi chamoyo" amatanthauza sanali zokhudza zonse gulu la zinthu, zomwe thupi ali selo imodzi yokha. Pamafunikanso:

• prokaryotes kuti alibe formalized selo phata ndi organelles zina mkati ndi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Alibe Kakhungu nyukiliya. Ali osmotrofny ndi mtundu autotrophic chakudya (dzuwa ndi chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, amene selo okhala pakati.

Ndizovomereka kuti zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi anali woyamba zamoyo padziko lathuli. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti wakale ambiri a iwo anali archaea ndi mabakiteriya. protists Unicellular amagwiritsidwa watchulidwa - zamoyo eukaryotic, omwe sali m'gulu gulu la bowa, zomera ndi nyama.

zamoyo multicellular

Multicellular chamoyo, kutanthauzira chimene zogwirizana ndi mapangidwe wogwirizana lonse, ndi zambiri zokhala ndi selo imodzi zinthu zovuta. ndondomeko iyi imakhala ya zosiyanasiyana za nyumba zosiyanasiyana, monga maselo, zimakhala ndi ziwalo. The mapangidwe multicellular chamoyo limapangidwa kupatukana ndi kuphatikiza ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu ontogeny (munthu) ndi phylogeny (chitukuko mbiri).

zamoyo Multicellular ndi lopangidwa ndi maselo ambiri, ndipo ambiri mwa amasiyana kapangidwe ndi ntchito. The kuchotserapo yekha ndi maselo tsinde (nyama) ndi maselo cambium (zomera).

Multicellular ndi atsamunda

The zamoyo chimasiyanitsa zamoyo multicellular ndi chambiri zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Ngakhale kufanana ena a anthu awa wamoyo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa iwo:

• zamoyo multicellular - ndi gulu la maselo zosiyanasiyana zomwe dongosolo lawo ndi ntchito yapadera. thupi lake amapangidwa nsalu osiyana. Tikutero chifukwa iyi ndi apamwamba mlingo wa kusakanikirana maselo. Iwo kusiyana ndi yosiyanasiyana.

• chambiri unicellular zigwirizana maselo chomwecho. Pafupifupi zosatheka kugawanitsa minofu.

M'malire a dziko la chitsamunda ndipo multicellular chachilengulengu. Mu chikhalidwe, pali zamoyo monga Volvox, imene matabwa ake ndi mzinda wa zokhala ndi selo imodzi, koma ali ndi somatic ndi zobereka maselo, amene amasiyana Chrixitu. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti poyamba zinthu multicellular anaonekera padziko lathuli 2.1 okha biliyoni. Zaka zapitazo.

Kusiyana zamoyo ku matupi opanda moyo

Chikhulupiriro chakuti "chamoyo moyo" amatanthauza zovuta mankhwala zikuchokera chinthu. Ili ndi mapuloteni ndi zidulo mkati. Chifukwa cha ichi isiyana ndi matupi a chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Iwo amasiyana kuchotsedwa katundu wake. Ngakhale kuti thupi zopanda moyo komanso likhale angapo katundu physicochemical, mawu akuti "chamoyo" zikuphatikizapo makhalidwe ambiri. Iwo nthawi zambiri zosiyanasiyana.

Kuti timvetse otchedwa thupi, m'pofunika kuphunzira katundu wake. Popeza ali ndi makhalidwe awa:

• kagayidwe, womwenso magetsi (mowa zakudya), kusankha (linanena bungwe ndipo muli zoipa), kayendedwe (Kusintha kwa malo thupi kapena mbali zake mu mlengalenga).

• The maganizo ndi processing wa nkhani, monga irritability ndi nkhawa, kulola kuona chizindikiro kunja ndi mkati ndi kusankha kuwayankha.

• chibadwa, kulola kusamutsa zizindikiro zawo ana ndi masiyanidwe, lomwe kusiyana pakati pa anthu a mitundu chomwecho.

• Development (sizingasinthe kusintha moyo) kukula (kuwonjezeka mu kukula ndi kulemera chifukwa biosynthesis), kubalana (kusewera ngati okha).

Gawo pamaziko a dongosolo selo

Akatswiri alinso ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zamoyo pa 2 superkingdom:

• chisanadze nyukiliya (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily chachikulu, mophweka kwambiri mtundu wa maselo. Zinali iwo amene anali mitundu woyamba wa zamoyo padziko lapansi.

• nyukiliya (eukaryotes), anachokera ku prokaryotes lapansi. Izi ndi patsogolo kwambiri mtundu wa khungu ali ndi phata. zamoyo zambiri wamoyo padziko lathuli, kuphatikizapo anthu, ndi eukaryotic.

superkingdom nyukiliya, nayenso lagawidwa maufumu anayi:

• protists (parafilitiechskaya gulu), zimene makolo ndi zamoyo zina zonse zamoyo;

• bowa;

• zomera;

• nyama.

Pakuti prokaryotes monga:

• mabakiteriya kuphatikizapo cyanobacteria (buluu wobiriwira algae);

• archaea.

Mbali khalidwe la zamoyo awa:

• Kusowa chikalata phata;

• pamaso pa michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana, vacuoles, plasmids;

• pamaso pa nyumba imene dzuwa amapezeka;

• mawonekedwe kubalana;

• kukula kwa ribosome lapansi.

Ngakhale kuti zamoyo zonse amasiyana chiwerengero cha maselo specialization awo, maselo onse eukaryotic yodziwika ndi kufanana ena a dongosolo la. Iwo yodziwika ndi magwero ofanana, kotero gulu ili ndi taxon monophyletic mmodzi waudindo wapamwamba kwambiri. Malinga ndi asayansi, zamoyo eukaryotic Padziko Lapansi za 2 miliyoni. Zaka zapitazo. The yofunika anachita maonekedwe symbiogenesis awo woimira kudalirana pakati pa foni ndi phata ndipo amatha phagocytosis, izo chosakanikirana ndi mabakiteriya. Iwo anali m'mene wa organelles ofunika monga chloroplasts ndi mitochondria.

Mezokarioty

Mu chikhalidwe, pali zamoyo amene wapakatikati pakati prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes. Iwo amatchedwa mezokariotami. Amasiyana iwo m'gulu la zida za chibadwa. Gulu la zinthu monga dinoflagellates (dinoflagellates). Ali ndi phata kusiyanitsidwa, koma kapangidwe ka maselo anasunga mbali primitiveness amene chibadidwe nucleoid lapansi. Lembani gulu la zida za chibadwa cha zamoyo izi si anangowona monga kusintha, komanso wodziimira nthambi ya chitukuko.

zamoyo

Tizilombo ndi gulu maofesi wamoyo, ochepa kukula. Iwo sangakhoze kuona apoyera. Nthawi zambiri, kukula ndi zosakwana 0,1 mm. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• anuclear prokaryotes (tizilombo archaea);

• eukaryotes (protists, bowa).

Ambiri tizilombo ndi selo. Ngakhale kuti mthupi, pali zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi kuti chikhoza kuonedwa mosavuta popanda maso, mwachitsanzo, ikulu polikarion Thiomargarita namibiensis (m'madzi galamu alibe bakiteriya). Ikufotokoza moyo wa zamoyo tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso.

zamoyo transgenic

Posachedwapa mawuwa atamva mmene transgenic chamoyo. Ndi chiyani icho? Ndi chamoyo, matupi amene chongopeka anayambitsa jini zamoyo zina chinthu. Iwo kutumikiridwa mu mawonekedwe a kumanga chibadwa, umene ndi DNA zinayendera. Nthawi zambiri ndi pulasimidi bakiteriya. Kudzera mwai ngati asayansi zamoyo ndi katundu qualitatively latsopano. Maselo amenewa kubala mapuloteni jini imene wakhala anayambitsa mu matupi athu ndi.

Lingaliro la "thupi la munthu"

Monga amoyo ina akutsutsa anthu kuphunzira sayansi ndi zamoyo. Thupi la munthu ndi yofunika, mbiri, zazikulu dongosolo. Iye ali ndi dongosolo makamaka ndi chitukuko. Komanso, thupi anakumana zonse chilengedwe. Monga zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi pano ali ndi dongosolo ma. Iwo apanga nsalu:

• zaminyewa, yomwe ili pamwamba pa thupi. Ndipamene khungu ndi makoma wodzaza ziwalo dzenje ndi mitsempha ya magazi mkati. Komanso, zimakhala awa alipo mu cavities chatsekedwa za thupi. Pali mitundu ingapo ya epithelium: khungu, impso, m'mimba, kupuma. The selo nsalu, ndi maziko a nyumba ngati kusinthidwa monga misomali, tsitsi, mano enamel.

• Minofu ndi katundu contractility ndi excitability. Chifukwa minofu ili njira galimoto akutsatiridwa mu thupi ndi kayendedwe ake m'malere. Minofu ndi lopangidwa ndi maselo, amene microfibrils (contractile ulusi). Iwo agawidwa mu minofu yosalala ndi striated.

• mgwirizano, womwenso fupa, chichereŵechereŵe, adipose minofu komanso magazi, lymph, Mitsemphayi ndi tendons. Kusiyana zake zonse chimodzi chiyambi mesodermal, ngakhale aliyense ali ntchito yake ndi mbali structural.

• mantha kuti njira yapadera maselo - manyuroni (structural ndi zinchito wagawo) ndi neuroglia. Iwo amasiyana dongosolo lawo. Choncho ubongo imakhala ndi thupi 2 ndi njira: dendrites nthambi axons lalifupi ndi lalitali. The lokutidwa, iwo amapanga ulusi mitsempha. Zimagwirira ntchito, manyuroni anawagawa galimoto (efferent), imalandira (afferent), zinayizo. Malo ya kusintha kwa wina ndi mzake wa iwo akutchedwa synapse. The katundu zofunika minofu izi: conduction ndi excitability.

Otchedwa thupi m'njira womwalira? mitundu inayi ya nsalu zimapanga ziwalo (thupi gawo ndi yeniyeni mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi ntchito) ndi kachitidwe kawo. Kodi iwo anapanga? Popeza kukhazikitsa ntchito zina za thupi limodzi sangathe kulimbana, maofesi awo anapanga. Kodi n'chiyani? Chotero dongosolo - osakaniza matupi angapo kuti ndi ofanana dongosolo, chitukuko ndi ntchito. Iwo onse kupanga maziko a thupi. Zikuphatikizapo m'magulu otere:

• minofu ndi mafupa (mafupa, minofu);

• m'mimba (thirakiti Prostate);

• kupuma (m'mapapo thirakiti kupuma);

• ziwalo chipangizo (makutu, maso, mphuno, pakamwa, vestibular zida, khungu);

• jenda (wamkazi ziwalo kugonana amuna ndi);

• mantha (chapakati, zotumphukira);

• magazi (mtima, mitsempha);

• endocrine (endocrine England);

• integumentary (khungu);

• mkodzo thirakiti (impso, yotuluka njira).

Thupi, mtima wa sipangakhalenso ankayimiridwa ngati chopereka ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi machitidwe ali ndi chachikulu (cha kudziwa) chiyambi - genotype. Ndi malamulo chibadwa. Mu mawu ena - m'ndandanda wa chibadwa moyo chinthu kuwapeza makolo. mtundu uliwonse wa tizilombo, zomera, nyama, ali ndi khalidwe kwa genotype iye.