Kapangidwe ma wa zamoyo zonse ndi chiyani? Biology: kapangidwe ma ya thupi

Monga amadziwika, kapangidwe ma pakupezeka zonse zamoyo padziko lathuli. Kwenikweni, maselo onse ndi dongosolo lomwelo. Ichi ndi laling'ono structural ndi zinchito woyezera ndi zamoyo. maselo ikhoza kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, choncho akusinthasintha dongosolo lawo. Nthawi zambiri, akhoza kuchita zinthu ngati palokha. Kapangidwe ma ndi zomera, nyama, bowa, mabakiteriya. Komabe, pali kusiyana pakati pa mayunitsi awo structural ndi zinchito. M'nkhaniyi tiona kuyang'ana pa dongosolo la ma. Kalasi 8 zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira nkhaniyi. Choncho, nkhani Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kwa ophunzira, komanso anthu amene akungofuna zamoyo. review Izi kutchulidwa dongosolo ma, maselo a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa iwo.

Mbiri ya chiphunzitso selo dongosolo la

Anthu mulibe kudziwa zimene tichipeza zamoyo. chakuti zimakhala onse anapanga maselo ikutchedwa ndi posachedwapa. The sayansi kuti amafufuza izo, - Biology. Kapangidwe ma ya thupi anafotokozedwa koyamba asayansi Matthias Schleiden ndi Theodor Schwann. Izi zinachitika mu 1838. Ndiye chiphunzitso cha ma dongosolo wapangidwa Zinthu zonsezi:

• nyama ndi zomera zonse mitundu ya maselo anapanga;

• iwo kukula ndi kupanga maselo atsopano;

• selo - zing'onozing'ono unit wa moyo;

• thupi - Kutolere maselo.

chiphunzitso ano kumaphatikizapo makonzedwe ena angapo, ndipo pang'ono:

• selo angayambe okha ku maselo akuchikazi;

• multicellular chamoyo sichimapangidwa akonzedwa yosavuta maselo kuchokera pooled minofu, ziwalo ndi machitidwe limba;

• maselo a zamoyo zonse ndi dongosolo ofanana;

• selo - dongosolo zovuta wopangidwa mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono zinchito;

• selo - zing'onozing'ono structural wagawo kuti akhoza kuchita monga thupi palokha.

kapangidwe selo

Popeza dongosolo ma ndi zamoyo pafupifupi onse wamoyo, m'pofunika kuganizira makhalidwe onse a kapangidwe ka mfundo. Choyamba, maselo onse anawagawa prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic. M'mbuyomu pali pachimake amateteza mfundo majini kusungidwa mu DNA lapansi. Maselo prokaryotic, si chomwecho, ndi DNA amayandama momasuka. Onse maselo eukaryotic pomanga motere. Iwo ndi chipolopolo - madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu, kawirikawiri ili padziko maphunziro zina zodzitetezera. Zonse zili mmenemo, kupatula ngale - izo ndi cytoplasm. Amakhala hyaloplasm, organelles ndi inclusions. Hyaloplasm - ndicho crystalline thunthu, umene uli mkati chilengedwe selo, nudzaza onse a malo ake. Organelles - ndi nyumba okhazikika kuti kuchita zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo kupereka ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya maselo ... Inclusions - maphunziro sanali okhazikika, komanso udindo, koma iwo kutero mongoyembekezera.

Kapangidwe ma zinthu zamoyo

Tsopano ife atchule organelles kuti ali chimodzimodzi kwa maselo a chamoyo pa dziko, kupatula mabakiteriya. Iwo mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi zida, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton. Pakuti mabakiteriya khalidwe la munthu mmodzi yekha pa organelles awa - ribosomes. Ndipo tsopano kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya aliyense organelle payokha.

mitochondria

Iwo amapereka kupuma okhudza maselo ambiri. Mitochondria zinthu monga mtundu wa "mphamvu", kutulutsa mphamvu chimene chili chofunika ntchito foni, kuti kupatsira anthu kapena zochita zina. Iwo dvumembrannym organelles, mwachitsanzo ndi shrouds awiri - achilendo ndi zoweta. Pansipa iwo ndi bokosi - ofanana hyaloplasm mchipindamo. Pakati nembanemba lakunja ndi mumtima anapanga cristae. khola ili mkati amene ali michere. zinthu zimenezi ndi zofunika kuti athe kugwira zochita mankhwala imene mphamvu adzamasulidwa, selo kutero.

ribosomes

Iwo ali ndi udindo kagayidwe mapuloteni - ndicho, kuti kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala a kalasi. Ribosomes zigwirizana ndi magawo awiri - subunits, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Nembanemba mu organelle uyu akusowa. Kagawo kakang'ono wa ribosomes ophatikizana yekha yomweyo isanafike ndondomeko mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe, Amawapatula mu mpumulo wa nthawi. zinthu kuno anapangidwa pamaziko a zambiri olembedwa pa DNA lapansi. uthenga uwu kwa ribosomes ntchito tRNA monga zoyendera pano DNA nthawi iliyonse zingakhale kosathandiza kwambiri ndi owopsa - wokwera kwambiri N'kutheka kuwonongeka.

Golgi chifaniziro

organelle iyi imakhala ndi stacks wa akasinja mosabisa. Ntchito organelle kwagona kuti amatenga ndi modifies zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mtsikanayu mapangidwe lysosomes.

endoplasmic reticulum

Iwo agawidwa yosalala ndi akhakula. Choyamba anamanga ku machubu mosabisa. Iye ali ndi udindo kwa kupanga selo ya mankhwala ndi lipids. Roughness ndi wotchedwa chifukwa pa makoma a zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, chimene icho chiri chopangidwa, pali ribosomes ambiri. Iwo amachita ntchito zoyendera. Ndicho anasamutsidwa mapulotini ribosome apanga kumeneko, zida ndi Golgi.

lysosomes

Iwo akuyimira odnomembrannye organelles kuti muli michere koyenera kukhazikitsa zochita mankhwala komwe kumachitika nthawi kagayidwe okhudza maselo ambiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha lysosomes anati mu leucocytes - maselo chigwire ntchito m'thupi. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti akwaniritse phagocytosis kukhonda kudya mapuloteni yachilendo, zimene zimafunika wambirimbiri michere.

cytoskeleton

Izi ndi organelle wotsiriza, amene si zachilendo bowa, zomera ndi nyama. Imodzi mwa ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kukhalabe mawonekedwe selo. Iwo aumbike mwa microtubules ndi microfilaments. Woyamba ndi chubu kuphanga la mapuloteni tubulin. pamaso pawo mu cytoplasm ena organelles zikhoza kuyenda padziko khola. Komanso, microtubules akhoza zigwirizana cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana ya unicellular. Mbali yachiwiri ya cytoskeleton - microfilaments - imakhala ndi mapulotini contractile akitini ndi myosin. Akanika, organelle nthawi zambiri kwina. Koma ena mwa iwo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa cytoskeleton, koma zambiri wosazindikira, anakonza si monga zovuta monga bowa, zomera ndi nyama.

organelles chomera selo

Kapangidwe ma zomera ali ndi peculiarities. Kuwonjezera organelles pamwamba ndi vacuoles imapezekanso plastids. Zakale anafuna kudzikundikira m'menemo zinthu kuphatikizapo zosafunika, monga iwo amachoka mu selo chifukwa kukhalapo kwa wandiweyani Kakhungu mpanda Sutha. Madzimadzi lomwe liri mkati vacuole anacemerwa selo kuyamwa. Achinyamata chomera maselo poyamba ochepa vacuoles laling'ono, limene, monga ukalamba wake kuphatikiza mu chimodzi chachikulu. Plastids anawagawa mitundu itatu: chromoplasts, leucoplasts ndi chromoplasts. Zoyambazo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa sakhala ofiira, achikasu kapena lalanje. Chromoplasts nthawi zambiri muyenera kukopa yowala mtundu tizilombo mungu kapena nyama zimakhudzidwa kufala kwa zipatso ndi mbewu. Ndi kuyamika deta organelles maluwa ndi zipatso zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Chromoplasts akhoza kupangidwa kwa chloroplasts, amene zingaoneke mu autumn, pamene masamba kutembenukira chikasu ndi wofiira mithunzi, komanso pa yakucha wa zipatso, pamene pang'onopang'ono Mwamsanga kwathunthu wobiriwira. Kenako view plastids - leucoplasts - anafuna kuti zinthu kasungidwe monga wowuma, mafuta ndi mapuloteni ena. Chloroplasts anagwira dzuwa njira imene zomera kupeza okha zofunika zinthu organic. Wa mamolekyulu asanu mpweya woipa komanso madzi ambiri selo alandire kam'bulu kamodzi ka shuga ndi mpweya umodzi, amene anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga. Chloroplasts ndi organelles dvumembrannymi. Mu masanjidwewo awo lili thylakoids, m'magulu a Grand Prix. Mu nyumba iyi, ndipo lili wotchedwa chlorophyll, pano akupita zimene photosynthesis. Komanso, mu masanjidwewo komanso ali ribosomes awo chloroplast, RNA, DNA, michere wapadera, mbewu wowuma ndi zamadzimadzi m'malovu. deta organelles masanjidwewo amatchedwanso stroma.

Features bowa

Kapangidwe ma alinso zamoyo izi. Kale, iwo amaphatikiza ufumu wina ndi zomera mwangwiro ndi maonekedwe awo, koma mkubwela kwa sayansi kwambiri kufika tinapeza kuti sizingakhoze kuchitidwa. Choyamba, bowa, mosiyana ndi zomera, si autotrophs, sangathe okha kubala organic nkhani, ndi kokha kudya okonzeka zopangidwa. Kachiwiri mafangasi maselo zambiri zofanana ndi nyama, ngakhale ali mbali ya mbewu. maselo Fungal, komanso zomera, atazunguliridwa ndi khoma wandiweyani, mulimonse sulingana wa mapadi, ndi chitin. Nkhanizi ndi zovuta kugaya thupi nyama, kotero bowa ndi amaonedwa chakudya katundu. Kuwonjezera organelles tafotokozazi zimene zafala kuti eukaryotes onse, palinso vacuole - izi ndi kufanana kwina wa bowa ndi zomera. Koma dongosolo la plastids mu mafangasi selo zimawonedwa. Pakati pa khoma ndipo Kakhungu cytoplasmic ndi lomasoma, amene ntchito sizinachitike kwenikweni. Onse a dongosolo la mafangasi selo akufanana nyama. Komanso organelles mu cytoplasm monga kulolerana zimatengedwa monga m'malovu mafuta, glycogen.

maselo nyama

Iwo yodziwika ndi organelles onse amene anatchula kale m'nkhani ino. Komanso pamwamba pa nembanemba plasma ndi glycocalyx - chipolopolo ndi ongokhala lipids, polysaccharides ndi glycoproteins. Izo nawo mayendedwe zinthu pakati pa maselo.

pachimake

Kumene, kuwonjezera organelles ambiri, nyama, zomera, maselo a mafangasi ndi phata. Iwo zimatetezedwa ndi zipolopolo ziwiri, amene pores. The masanjidwewo tichipeza karyoplasm (nyukiliya kuyamwa), mmene zimatengedwa khromozomu m'mene zalembedwera mudziwe awo cholowa. Komanso pali nucleolus, amene ali ndi udindo kwa mapangidwe ribosomes ndi RNA kaphatikizidwe.

prokaryotes

Zikuphatikizapo mabakiteriya. Kapangidwe ma mabakiteriya ndi zambiri achikale. Iwo alibe phata. The cytoplasm lili organelles monga ribosomes. Padziko Kakhungu plasma ndi khoma khungu la murein lapansi. prokaryotes kwambiri amaperekedwa organelles kayendedwe - makamaka michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. mucous kapisozi - zina containment akhoza pabwino kuzungulira khoma selo komanso. Kuwonjezera mamolekyulu zofunika DNA mu cytoplasm mabakiteriya ndi plasmids imene nkhani zalembedwera, ndi udindo kulimbikira kuchuluka kwa zinthu chowawa.

Kodi zamoyo zonse zimamangidwa kwa maselo?

Ena amakhulupirira kuti dongosolo ma wa zamoyo zonse ali nazo. Koma zimenezi si zoona. Pali ufumu wa zamoyo monga mavairasi. Iwo suli maselo. chamoyo lili ndi capsid - chipolopolo mapuloteni. Mkati ndi DNA kapena RNA, zomwe zinalembedwa pang'ono mudziwe chibadwa. Mozungulira mapuloteni ndi chipolopolo kwakenso udzakhazikitsidwe lipoprotein otchedwa superkapsidom. Mavairasi akhoza kuchulukitsa kokha mkati maselo yachilendo. Komanso, angathe crystallization. Monga mukuonera, allegation kuti kapangidwe ma wa zamoyo zonse pachithunzichi.

tebulo poyerekezera

Tika kuwunikira kapangidwe ka zinthu zosiyanasiyana mwachidule. Choncho, kapangidwe ma, tebulo:

Apa, mwina, ndi onse. Takambiranazi kapangidwe ma ya zamoyo zimene zilipo pa dziko.