Medieval China: chiyambi cha mbiri ya ufumu waukulu.

Mawu akuti "akale China" Sizikudziwika bwino poyerekeza ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, monga m'mbiri ya dziko sanali monga kugawikana bwino mu nyengo. Conventionally, amaganiza kuti linayamba m'zaka za zana lachitatu BC ku ulamuliro wa Mafumu Qing inatenga zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri kusanachitike mapeto a Mafumu Qing.

Ufumu wa Qin, lomwe ndi dziko laling'ono limene lili kumpoto, kumadzulo kwa dziko la alumikiza m'dera la maufumu angapo m'malire kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kuthamangitsa zolinga bwino ndale mphamvu kulimbikitsa. Mu 221 BC panali kugwirizana kwa dziko, poyamba wopangidwa mwa kuchuluka kwa fiefdoms osiyana ndi historiography amatchedwa "China wakale". History kuyambira pamenepo apita njira zina - latsopano ogwirizana dziko Chinese.

Qin anali kwambiri pachikhalidwe patsogolo mwa chikumenyana States ndi amphamvu kwambiri pankhondo. Ying Zheng linkadziwika kuti mfumu yoyamba Qin Shi Huang, China anatha kugwirizana kutembenukira mu woyamba boma centralized ndi likulu lake Xianyang (pafupi ndi mzinda wamakono wa Xi'an), kutha kwa chikumenyana States nyengo, yomwe inatenga zaka zingapo. Dzina amene anatenga kwa mfumu, anali consonant ndi dzina la mmodzi wa chachikulu komanso chofunika kwambiri m'nthano m'nkhaniyi ndi mbiri ya dziko - Huangdi, kapena Yellow Mfumu. Kukhala Choncho mutu wake, Ying Zheng anakweza kutchuka wake. "Ife - Mfumu Choyamba, ndi ana athu tidzakhala anthu odziwika monga Mfumu Chachiwiri, Mfumu Chachitatu, ndi zina zotero mu mndandanda wosatha mibadwo," - analengezeratu grandly. Medieval historiography ku China ndipo amatchedwa "nyengo ikufuna."

Mu ulamuliro wake Qin Shi Huang anapitiriza kukuza ufumuwo kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera malangizo, pamapeto pake kufika Vietnam malire. Chachikulu ufumu unagawidwa sate-sikisi chun (asilikali m'zigawo), amene co-opareshoni abwanamkubwa wamba ndipo commandants asilikali, kulamulira wina ndi mnzake. dongosolo anatumikira monga chitsanzo maboma dynastic onse China mpaka kugwa kwa Mafumu Qing mu 1911.

Mfumu yoyamba osati anakwatitsa akale China. Iye kukhonzanso Chinese kulemba dongosolo, kuvomereza maonekedwe atsopano monga nduna kulemba dongosolo (mbiri yakale ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi kusintha chofunika kwambiri), yovomerezeka dongosolo la poyeza mu boma. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe zofunika kwa kulimbikitsa malonda mkati United maufumu, omwe anali ndi mfundo zake. M'nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mafumu Qin (221-206 BC), masukulu ambiri nthanthi, amene ziphunzitso mu izi kapena kuti mmene zosemphana ndi mfundo lachifumu, inaletsedwa. Mu 213 BC, ntchito zonse munali maganizo, kuphatikizapo ntchito za Confucius unatenthedwa kupatulapo makope kuti anali mu Imperial Library. Akatswiri ambiri ananena kuti anali mu ulamuliro wa pa Mafumu Qin anabwera dzina la ufumuwo - China.

Zikhomo kwa nthaŵi imeneyo ndi odziwika padziko lonse. M'kupita kwa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja pa manda wa woyamba mfumu Chinese (pafupi Xi'an) inayamba mu 1974, kuwululidwa oposa sikisi sauzande kanjedza terracotta (ankhondo, akavalo). Iwo ankaimira gulu lankhondo lalikulu kuti kulondera manda a Qin Shi Huang. The Terracotta Army anali mmodzi wa atulukira kwambiri ndi zotsangalatsa pofukula ku China. The mbiri yakale Mfumu manda anafotokoza monga mikroversiya Ufumu wake magulu utoto denga loyenda mitsinje kulengedwa kuchokera Mercury. Qin Shi Huang ndiye ndi chilengedwe cha Wall Wamkulu wa China. Mu nthawi ya Qin makoma angapo zoteteza zinamangidwa pa malire kumpoto.

Medieval China anayamba kutha ndi patsogolo malonda European mu bongo, amene anali kuchititsa destabilization anthu ndipo pamapeto pake zinachititsa kuti Opium nkhondo (1840-1842; 1856-1860).