Maphunziro zakale: atsogoleri a White kayendedwe

Mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni motsutsa Bolsheviks anali zosiyanasiyana mphamvu. Icho chinali Cossacks, nationalists, Democrats, monarchists. Onse a iwo, ngakhale kusiyana awo, anali nkhani White. Anagonjetsedwa, atsogoleri a magulu odana ndi Soviet nditafa kapena akhoza amasamuka.

Alexander Kolchak

Ngakhale kukana kwa Bolsheviks sanakhale kwathunthu cohesive, ndicho dzina lake Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak (1874-1920) imatengedwa ndi azambiriyakale ambiri chithunzi yaikulu ya White kuyenda. Iye anali katswiri msilikali ndipo anatumikira mu apanyanja. Mu yamtendere Kolchak anatchuka kwambiri monga wofufuza kumalo ozizira ndi wasayansi-oceanographer.

Mofanana ndi asilikali ena katswiri, dzina lake Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak chinali chochitika olemera pa kampeni Japanese ndi First World nkhondo. Mkubwela kwa Provisional boma, iye mwachidule anasamukira ku USA. Pamene uthenga anadza ku dziko la Chisinthiko cha Bolshevik, Kolchak anabwerera ku Russia.

Asilikali anafika ku Siberia Omsk, komwe boma SR wapanga mtumiki nkhondo ake. Mu 1918, apolisi anapanga chiwembu ndipo anapatsidwa dzina Kolchak wolamulira wamkulu wa Russia. Atsogoleri ena a White kayendedwe anali wogwidwa gulu lalikulu monga Alexander (mwini wake anali 150,000th asilikali).

Pa gawo onse olamulidwa ndi Kolchak anabwezeretsa malamulo a Russian Ufumu. Kupita ku Siberia kumadzulo, ndi wolamulira wa asilikali Russia ndi patsogolo Volga. Pa pachimake pa kutchuka wake anapita kwa woyera Kazan. Kolchak kumaizula pa mmene ndingathere magulu Bolsheviks, Denikin kuchotsa yopita ku Moscow.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 1919, Red Army linakhazikitsa nthenda yaikulu. White anabwerera mkati mwa Siberia. ogwirizana okhonda (Czechoslovak nyumba) anapereka atakwera sitima, kum'mawa Kolchak SRs. Asilikali mfuti Irkutsk mu February 1920.

Anton Denikin

Ngati kummawa kwa Russia kutsogozedwa ndi White Army Kolchak anali ndiye kum'mwera kwa mtsogoleri kiyi asilikali kwa nthawi yaitali Anton Ivanovich Denikin (1872-1947). Anabadwira ku Poland, iye anapita kukaphunzira ku likulu ndipo anakhala msilikali ndodo.

Denikin kenako anatumikira kumalire ndi Austria. Choyamba nkhondo World iye anakhala asilikali Brusilov nawo mu BREAKOUT wotchuka ndi ntchito wotchedwa Galicia. Boma wogwirizira mwachidule anapanga Anton Ivanovich mkulu wa Southwestern Front. Denikin anathandiza Kornilov kupanduka. Pambuyo kulephera kwa zokhumba za, mkulu-General anali mwachidule m'ndende (Bykhov mpando).

Anamasulidwa mu November 1917, anayamba kuthandiza Denikin White kanthu. Pamodzi ndi asilikali Kornilov ndi Alexeyev adalenga (kenako osakwatiwa-handedly anatsogolera) Muzikonza Army, omwe anakhala maziko a kukana kwa Bolsheviks kum'mwera kwa Russia. Ndi ndalama Denikin mphamvu Entente, analengeza nkhondo pa Soviet Union pambuyo mtendere osiyana ndi Germany.

Ena nthawi Denikin ankamenyana ndi Don Ataman Petrom Krasnovym. Posonkhezeredwa ogwirizana anamvera Anton Ivanovich. Mu January 1919, Denikin anakhala mtsogoleri VSYUR - onyamula Mphamvu ya Southern Russia. Asilikali ake adapereka Bolsheviks Kuban, Don dera, Tsarina, Donbass, Kharkiv. amanyansidwa Denikin a bogged pansi chapakati Russia.

VSYUR anabwerera mu Novocherkassk. Denikin anasamukira ku Crimea, kumene April 1920, pansi pa mavuto adani a anasamutsa mphamvu zake kuti Petru Vrangelyu. Pambuyo kuchoka ku Europe. Emigration General analemba memoir, "Essays pa Mavuto Russian", umene iye anayesera kuti ayankhe funso la chifukwa anagonjetsa White kuyenda. Mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni, Anton Ivanovich vinilu yekha Bolsheviks. Iye anakana kuthandiza Hitler ndi kudzudzulidwa othandiza. Atagonjetsedwa wa Chachitatu Ulamuliro wa Nazi Denikin m'malo ndi malo okhala n'kupita US, kumene anakafa m'chaka cha 1947.

Lavr Kornilov

Kulinganiza za chiwembu analephera Lavr Georgievich Kornilov (1870-1918) anabadwira Cossack banja ndi mkulu, amene anatsimikiza ntchito ake ankhondo. Monga mtsogoleri wa nzeru, anatumikira ku Perisiya, Afghanistan, ndi India. Pankhondo, iye anagwidwa ndi Austrians, wapolisiyo anathamangira kunyumba.

Poyamba Lavr Georgievich Kornilov amatidwa boma wogwirizira. Adani chachikulu cha Russia, anaganizira za Kumanzere. Pamene nkhoswe wa mphamvu wamphamvu, anayamba kukonza zionetsero odana ndi boma. ulendo wake pa Petrograd analephera. Kornilov ndi gulu lake amugwira.

Ndi isanayambike wa October kuukira boma, mkulu linatulutsidwa. Iye anakhala mtsogoleri woyamba wa Muzikonza Army kum'mwera kwa Russia. Mu February 1918, Kornilov bungwe Choyamba Kuban (Ice) ulendo kuti Yekaterinodar. Opaleshoni imeneyi wakhala lodziwika bwino. atsogoleri onse a White kayendedwe m'tsogolo kuyesera upainiya. Kornilov anali chisoni anaphedwa pa shelling Ekaterinodar.

Nikolai Yudenich

General Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich (1862-1933) anali mmodzi wa opambana kwambiri akazembe Russian nkhondo yolimbana ndi Germany ndi ogwirizana ake. Iye anatsogolera ndodo ya Caucasus Army pa nkhondo yake ndi Ottoman. Kamodzi mphamvu, Kerensky anatumiza mkulu m'tchalitchichi.

Ndi isanayambike wa October kuukira boma, Nikolay Nikolaevich Yudenich pamene akukhala mozemba mu Petrograd. Kumayambiriro 1919, ntchito zikalata linapanga anasamukira ku Finland. Kukwaniritsa mu Komiti Russian Helsinki analengeza iye aakulu.

Yudenich anakhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi Aleksandrom Kolchakom. Mwandondomeko zochita zawo ndi asilikali a Nikolai anayesetsa tipezekemo thandizo la Entente ndi Mannerheim. M'chaka cha 1919, iye analandira mbiri ya nduna ya Nkhondo otchedwa North-Western boma aumbike mwa Revel.

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha Yudenich anakonza ulendo pa Petrograd. Kwenikweni, kayendedwe White mu Civil nkhondo mwamvera kumalire a dziko. asilikali Yudenich a M'malo mwake, anayesetsa kuti amasule likulu (chifukwa cha boma Bolshevik anasamukira ku Moscow). Anatenga Tsarskoye Selo, Gatchina nafika ku Pulkovo misanje. Trotsky anatha kusamutsa mwa njanji kuti Petrograd zolimba kuposa lisachitike zoyesayesa zonse kupeza mzinda woyera.

Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 1919 anabwerera Yudenich Estonia. Patapita miyezi ingapo iye anasamuka. Kwa nthawi yaitali, mkulu anakhala mu London, kumene anachezeredwa ndi Winston Churchill. kugonjetsedwa Svyknuvshis, Yudenich anakakhala France ndipo anasiya ndale. Mu 1933, iye anamwalira mu Cannes ku TB m'mapapo mwanga.

Alexey Kaledin

Pamene October kuukira boma itayamba, Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin (1861-1918) anali mtsogoleri wa Don asilikali. Pa positi anali osankhidwa miyezi ingapo pamaso pa zochitika Petrograd. M'matauni Cossack, makamaka Rostov, anali chisoni amphamvu Socialists. Ataman, mosiyana, anaona Chisinthiko cha Bolshevik za umbanda. Atamva ku Petrograd, anagonjetsa a Soviet Union mu Don khamu.

Aleksey Maksimovich Kaledin opareshoni ku Novocherkassk. Mu November, anadza onse wina woyera - Mikhail Alekseev. Pakali pano, Cossacks kulemera wake fluctuated. Ambiri tatopa anamenyela nkhondo momveka bwino anamvera Bolshevik mawu. Ena a boma Lenin ndi ndale. Nkhanza Nazi anali anakumana pafupifupi aliyense.

Kutaya chiyembekezo reconnect ndi kulandidwa kwa Boma Provisional, Kaledin anapita njira kwambiri. Iye anati ufulu wa Don khamu. Poyankha kupanduka izi Rostov Bolsheviks. Ataman, ndi thandizo Alekseeva, iye kuletsedwa mawuwo. Pa Don magazi woyamba unakhetsedwa.

Kumapeto kwa 1917 Kaledin anapereka anakafuna patsogolo kwa chilengedwe cha odana ndi Bolshevik Muzikonza Army. Mu Rostov anaonekera magulu awiri kufanana. Pa dzanja limodzi, anali woyera Muzikonza Army ankhondo, pa zina - ndi Cossacks m'deralo. Recent zambiri azimvetsa Bolsheviks. Mu December, Red Army wotanganidwa Donbas ndi Taganrog. mayunitsi Cossack, azungu kwathunthu linakwiriridwa. Pozindikira kuti atumiki ake sindikufuna kuti amenyane mphamvu Soviet, Ataman anali kudzipha.

ataman Krasnov

Atamwalira Kaledin Cossack yaitali chifundo ndi Bolsheviks. Pamene mphamvu Don Soviet unakhazikitsidwa, kutsogolo-mzere asilikali dzulo mwamsanga anabwera kudana wofiira. Kale mu May 1918, anam'galukira mu Don.

Latsopano Ataman ya Don Cossacks anali Peter Krasnov (1869-1947). Pa nkhondo ndi Germany ndi Austria, iye, monga ena ambiri ankhondo woyera amene ankachita nawo wotchuka Brusilov yojambula. Kwa Bolsheviks asilikali zonse ankachitira ndi kunyansidwa. Iye ndiye mkulu wa Kerensky kuti ndisiye kumbali ya Lenin Petrograd, pamene ulimi October chabe zitakwaniritsidwa. Small mphamvu Krasnov wotanganidwa Tsarskoye Selo ndi Gatchina, koma posakhalitsa Bolsheviks atazunguliridwa ndi disarmed iye.

Pambuyo kulephera loyamba Peter Krasnov anatha kupangitsa kuti Don. Kukhala wotsutsa-Soviet Cossack mtsogoleri, iye anakana kumvera Denikin ndipo anayesetsa kutsata mfundo palokha. Makamaka, Krasnov wakhazikitsa ubwenzi ndi Germany.

Only pamene iwo analengeza agonje kutali Ataman anamvera Denikin mu Berlin. Mkulu Wolamulira wa Muzikonza Army osati kale kulekerera kugwirizana naye n'ngwokayikitsa. Mu February 1919, wapanikizidwa Krasnov Denikin anapita Yudenich asilikali Estonia. Pamenepo anasamuka ku Europe.

Monga ambiri a atsogoleri a White kayendedwe, mu ukapolo wakale Cossack Ataman kulota za rematch a. Udani wa Bolsheviks anamukankha thandizo Hitler. The Germany anachita Krasnov mutu wa Cossacks mu madera azikhala Russian. Atagonjetsedwa ya ulamuliro wa Hitler, British chikalata Pyotr Nikolayevich USSR. Mu Soviet Union iye anayesedwa ndi chilango cha imfa. Krasnov anaphedwa.

Ivan Romanovsky

Warlord Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky (1877-1920) m'nthawi ya lachifumu nawo mu nkhondo ndi Japan ndi Germany. Mu 1917 iye anathandiza mawu Kornilov ndi Denikin anali kutumikira ndi kumangidwa m'tauni ya Bykhov. Atasamukira ku Don, Romanovsky nawo mapangidwe woyamba bungwe magulu odana Bolshevik.

General Denikin anaikidwa kazembe ndi kuyang'anira ndodo yake. Akukhulupirira kuti Romanovsky anali bwana wake zimakhudza chachikulu. Chifuniro Denikin ngakhale dzina Ivan Pavlovich m'malo mwake likhoza imfa zosayembekezereka.

Chifukwa cha kulunjika awo Romanovsky akusemphana ndi ambiri atsogoleri ena asilikali Dobrarmii, ndiyeno VSYUR. White kuyenda mu Russia a iye ambiguously. Pamene Denikin, Wrangel bwino, Romanovsky kumanzere posts awo onse ndipo anabwerera ku Istanbul. Mu mzinda womwewo anaphedwa mkulu Mstislavom Haruzinym. Chowombelera, nawonso anatumikira mu White Army, anafotokoza zochita zake ndi chakuti vinilu Romanovsky VSYUR agonje ku nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Sergei Markov

The Muzikonza Army SERGEY Leonidovich Markov (1878-1918) anakhala mwambo wopambana. dzina lake Regiment ndi asilikali akuda. Mark anadziwika talente yake mwatsatanetsatane ndi mtima zawo anaonetsa iliyonse nkhondo ndi Red Army. Mamembala a White kayendedwe ndi makamaka sizikakutherani ankachita pokumbukira ambiri izi.

Lankhondo yonena Markov m'nthawi ya lachifumu ankaikira ndiye kapitawo. Iye anakhala nawo ndawala Japanese. Patsogolo German, adalamulira mfuti Regiment, ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wa ndodo ya amadzibisa angapo. M'chaka cha 1917, Markov anathandiza Kornilov ndipo pamodzi ndi ena m'tsogolo White akazembe pansi kumangidwa mu Bykhov.

Pa chiyambi cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni, asilikali anasamuka kum'mwera kwa Russia. Iye anali woyamba membala wa Muzikonza Army. Markov anapanga zopereka kwambiri pa nkhani yoyera mu Ice March. Usiku wa pa April 16, 1918 anali ndi gulu laling'ono la anthu ongodzipereka anatenga Medvedovku - yaikulu pasiteshoni ya sitima, pamene odzipereka anawononga Soviet oti muli nazo zida sitima, kenako kunabuka wa lazungulira ndipo anapita ku chizunzo. nkhondo chifukwa anali chipulumutso cha asilikali Denikin a, anachita ndi zinalephereka kumenya Ekaterinodar ndi anangotsala pang'ono kugonja.

Markova ft anamuika ngwazi zoyera ndi mdani Woonekera kwa Maonekedwe. Patapita miyezi iwiri, ndi luso General anatenga gawo mu Kuban zolawula. Kuzungulira tawoni Shablievki gawo anakumana ndi amphamvu za mdani. Mu kamphindi fateful nokha Markov chaonekera poyera, kumene okonzeka zimene ananena mfundo. Malinga ndi malo a moto linatsegulidwa ku Red Army oti muli nazo zida sitima. Near SERGEY Leonidovich grenade chakumene, chimene chinapangitsa kuti iye ndi bala lakufa. Patapita maola angapo, June 26, 1918, asilikali wamwalira.

Petr Vrangel

Petr Nikolaevich Vrangel (1878-1928), imatchedwanso Black Baron, anachokera ku banja mfulu, ndipo inali ndi mizu chikugwirizana ndi Germany ndi Baltic. Asanakhale msilikali, iye maphunziro zomangamanga. Kufuna usilikali, iye analakika, Peter anapita kukaphunzira ku trooper lapansi.

Bakuman kampeni Wrangel anali nkhondo ndi Japan. Pa World Choyamba, anakagwira alonda Hatchi. Wolemekezeka zochuluka angapo, mwachitsanzo mu batire la analanda German. Kamodzi pa kutsogolo kum'mwera kumadzulo, msilikaliyo nawo wotchuka Brusilov yojambula.

Pa February utasintha Petro analimbikitsa kutumiza asilikali Petrograd. Pa boma limeneli tikudikira kuti achotsedwe utumiki. Black Baron anasamukira ku dacha mu Crimea, kumene anamangidwa ndi Bolsheviks. Fuko lomveka anatha kupulumuka zikomo yekha mapemphero a mkazi wake.

Koma achifumu ndi kutsatira mafumu, pakuti Wrangel White lingaliro anali popanda wopikisana malo pa Civil nkhondo. Iye anayamba Denikin. Asilikali anatumikira mu Caucasus Army, anatsogolera adani a Tsaritsyn. Atagonjetsedwa wa White Army pa ulendo pa Moscow Wrangel anayamba kutsutsa bwana wake Denikin. Pankhondoyi zinachititsa kuti kunyamuka zosakhalitsa General ku Istanbul.

Posachedwa Petro anabwerera ku Russia. M'chaka cha 1920 iye anasankhidwa mkulu wa asilikali Russian. Mariya anali chinsinsi Crimea. Chilumba anali phata otsiriza woyera nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Wrangel asilikali atathamangitsidwa kuukira angapo a Bolsheviks, koma mapeto analephera.

Mu ukapolo, Black Baron ankakhala Belgrade. Anakhazikitsa ulendo wa EMRO - Russian usilikali Union, ndiye kusamutsa kuti mmodzi mwa akalonga aakulu Nikolai Nikolaevich. Asanamwalire, ntchito monga injiniya, Pyotr Wrangel anasamukira ku Brussels. Apo iye anamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu mu 1928.

Andrew Shkuro

Andrey Grigorevich Shkuro (1887-1947) anali nzika Kuban Cossacks. Monga mnyamata anapita golide panning ulendo ku Siberia. Pa nkhondo ndi Kaiser a Germany Shkuro analenga zigawenga asilikali kufika dzina "Wolf zana."

Mu October 1917, Cossack anasankhidwa mu Kuban yamalamulo dera. Kukhala monarchist ndi kukhudzidwa, iye moyipa anachita uthenga wa kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks. Shkuro anayamba kulimbana ndi commissars wofiira, pamene ambiri mwa atsogoleri a White kayendedwe ndisanadye nthawi mokweza kulengeza okha. Mu July 1918, Andrew G. ndi chipani chake athamangisa Bolsheviks ku Stavropol.

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha Cossack anaima pa mutu wa Regiment loyamba akapitawo a Kislovodsk, ndiye - ndi Caucasus apakavalo Division. Chief Shkuro anali Anton Ivanovich Denikin. Mu Ukraine, asilikali anathyola ndi detachment Nestora Mahno. Iye anatenga gawo mu ulendo pa Moscow. Shkuro anali kumenyera Kharkov ndi Voronezh. Mu mzinda uwu, kampeni ake anamira.

Atachoka ku asilikali Budyonny, mkulu-General anapanga kuti Novorossiysk. Atachoka kumeneko m'chombo ku Crimea. M'khamu la Wrangel Shkuro Ine nkhabe cibodzi pa chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi Black Baron. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kapitawo woyera anali mu ukapolo ngakhale pamaso chigonjetso lathunthu la Red Army.

Shkuro ankakhala Paris ndi Yugoslavia. Pamene nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inayamba, iye, ngati Krasnov, anathandiza Nazi kulimbana ndi Bolsheviks. Shkuro anali SS Gruppenführer ndi m'njira imeneyi kumenyana ndi partisans Yugoslavia. Atagonjetsedwa ya ulamuliro wa Hitler, iye anayesa kuthyola ku gawo kulamulidwa ndi Britain. Mu Linz, Austria British Shkuro chikalata pamodzi ndi akapitawo zambiri. mkulu White anazengedwa pamodzi ndi Petrom Krasnovym ndi chilango cha imfa.