Kodi m'madzi nyanja: kuchuluka zikuchokera ndi osalimba

The nyanja chimakwirira ambiri a dziko lapansi. Koma zimene tikudziwa za iye? madzi nyanja ndi chiyani? ndi katundu thupi chiyani? The madzi nyanja ndi osiyana ndi kumwa? Ndipo momwe kuti munthu wina? Tidzayensa mafunso onse awa nayenso.

Monga mchere madzi?

Anthu ambiri akudziwa mmene kulawa nyanja, ndi amene sindikudziwa, akungonena mawu Opeka. Ndi mchere. Koma ndithudi inu mukhoza kulenga nyanja ya nyumba, monga mwa kusakaniza mchere ndi madzi? Izi siziri zoona ndithu. Chiwerengero cha madzi wamba m'nyanja ndi 96,5%. Otsala 3.5% - zonyansa izi. Awo zikuchokera enieni tinapeza kokha m'zaka 19 mochedwa, pa ulendo osiyanasiyana. Koma kale asayansi ankadziwa kuti zosafunika kupanga ngati mchere madzi, si wamba tebulo mchere. Ndipotu kusungunuka nyanja mbali zonse za nthawi dongosolo la Mendeleev. pamaso pawo ndi kochepa, koma wosatsutsika.

Mu ulendo womwewo, 77 zitsanzo madzi anatengedwa mu madera osiyana a m'nyanja. Ndiye anapeza zodabwitsa: ngakhale kuchuluka yaikulu madzi nyanja padziko Lapansi, kuchuluka kwa ayoni zikuluzikulu nthawi zonse akanali yemweyo. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza tinafotokozera pansipa. Pa nthawi yomweyo ife tikupeza zomwe ziri mu madzi nyanja.

The mosalekeza wa zikuchokera mchere

Zinali kupezeka umatchedwanso lamulo Dietmar, zinachitika mu ulendo dziko la m'ma 19 mochedwa. Sayansi, dzina anapatsidwa lamulo limeneli, ndinapeza kuti chiwerengero cha madzi nyanja ndi pafupifupi nthawi zonse ayoni waukulu mu madera osiyana a dziko. Cholowa cha zinthu zina zazing'ono kuti si zofunikira ndipo saona pamene akuchita maphunziro osiyanasiyana hydro-mankhwala.

Major ayoni m. E. mankhwala mu kuchuluka kwa kuposa 0.01%, amapanga mchere misa. Iwo makamaka bwanji thupi katundu ndi mankhwala a madzi a m'nyanja. Chiwerengero chawo zimadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo mmene chilengedwe. Koma okwana mchere ndende m'nyanjamo, wofanana 35,16 ‰, kulemera zosafunika ndi tanthauzo omveka tebulo pansipa. Tiyeni tiwone chimene chili m'nyanjamo.

Monga tikuonera, mbali yaikulu imakhala chlorides. Popeza khama la zikuchokera mchere pamaziko a deta izi n'zotheka kudziwa zikuchokera zonse zitsanzo madzi nyanja. Pakuti chlorine cholinga ndende kuchita masamu, ndi zochokera deta akamagwira asapita mukudziwa, chimene chiwerengero cha zinthu otsala.

thupi katundu

Monga ndi katundu wina aliyense, m'madziwo ali ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana amene asayansi kuphunzira kafukufuku. deta izi kupereka lingaliro la njira zambiri zikuchitika pa mozama ndi zimakhudza lathuli. Mwachitsanzo, osati aliyense amadziwa kuti madzi amatha kuotcha. Wapanikizidwa misa kuchita pamwamba, zikhoza kusintha voliyumu.

Padziko, ndi pafupifupi wosaoneka, koma zakuya, zoonekeratu zambiri amakhala mbali. Mu mavuto mazana atmospheres ndi compressibility kufika pamlingo mwachilungamo lalikulu. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti kukanakhala kuti katundu uyu wa madzi, mlingo wa nyanja akanakhala apamwamba ndi mamita 30. Pankhaniyi, dziko lapansili akanayang'ana osiyana kwambiri.

amenewa

Ife kale anapeza mchere mmene m'nyanjamo, ndipo ife tikudziwa kuti kuchuluka kwake ndi pafupifupi sichinasinthe. Komabe, zimasiyanasiyana pang'ono - kuchokera 33 mpaka 37 ‰, kupatulapo ochepa. Mtengo pafupifupi ndi 34,72 ‰. mlingo Izi zimadalira kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'dera kuperekedwa, kutentha mpweya kumakhudzanso mphamvu ya evaporation, ndi kuchuluka kwa matupi madzi, zokhudza nyanja.

The apamwamba kuchuluka amenewa analembedwa Atlantic Ocean. The ambiri kumpoto 35,06 ‰. Mtengo zing'onozing'ono wa Pacific Ocean. Komabe, pali mayiwe kumene amenewa anali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mfundo pafupifupi. Zikuphatikizapo Mediterranean ndi Red Sea. Mkulu kutentha, mwamphamvu mkulu wa evaporation ndi pang'ono mpweya anamuukitsa kwa mlingo mbiri ya amenewa 38-42 ‰. Ambiri, zikuchokera madzi nyanja ya Black Sea ndi ena ambiri pafupi zofanana. Mwina, chakuti onse zogwirizana.

Ena amanena kuti madzi nyanja lili 5 ‰ mchere. Koma chithunzi ichi ali osowa kwambiri, koma akwatiwe mwa nyanja mchere. Mwachitsanzo, mlingo Azov nyanja amenewa - 11 ‰, Black - 18 ‰, Red - 41 ‰, ndipo Akufa - 300 ‰.

kutentha

Zingakhale wozindikira ndikukhulupirira kuti chithunzi ichi ndi chimodzimodzi kwa madzi lonse m'madzi mu dziko. Mlengalenga kutentha mu zigawo pafupi mizati, ndi adatchithisira kuchepetsa yochepa. Pa equator M'malo mwake, nthawizonse pali khola otentha nyengo. Koma osiyanasiyana kusintha kutentha madzi n'chozama kwambiri, izo ranges ku -2 30 ° ^C. The pafupifupi mu nyanja ndi 3,73 yekha ° ^C. Komanso, pa madzi otentha kangapo kuposa akuya 2-5 zikwi. m.

Angayambitse chisokonezo chifukwa chakuti kutentha kwa madzi nyanja m'madera ena ndi adatchithisira kuti -2 ° ^C. onse amadziwa kuti nthawi ⁰ ° C H ₂ O amakhala oundana. Ndi, koma madzi nyanja, monga taonera, muli zosafunika kuti kusintha makhalidwe ake, ndipo kuphatikizapo mfundo m'munsi yozizira koopsa. The apamwamba a kuchuluka amenewa, m'munsi mlingo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mlingo wochepa wa mchere mu madzi (24,7 ‰) yozizira koopsa kutentha ndi wofanana -1,33 ^° C

kachulukidwe

Kusintha pang'ono mu chizindikiro zimenezi zimachititsa kayendedwe madzi ndi kutsogolera ku maonekedwe a otaya ofukula ndi yopingasa. N'chifukwa chake osalimba a madzi nyanja mukuphunzira pa aliyense wa kafukufuku oceanographic. Iwo amayezedwa makilogalamu / mamita ³ limaimira kulemera pa wagawo buku.

Kachulukidwe madzi pa ⁴ ° C ndi 1000 makilogalamu / mamita ^3, ndi nyanja pa amenewa 35 ‰, - 1027,81 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. kusiyana zimachitika ku zodetsa za constituent lapansi. Mchere zambiri zopezeka madzi nyanja, ndi apamwamba zosonyezera osalimba. Nthawi zambiri phindu lake ranges kuchokera 1025 mpaka 1033 makilogalamu / mamita ^3.

Komanso, osalimba a madzi nyanja imasiyana malingana akuya kwambiri pamwamba, choncho pansipa. Koma pali kuchotserapo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene evaporation mwamphamvu kugwirizana ndi kutentha padziko kuwonjezeka amenewa. Choncho, osalimba a nyanja ndi zigawo chapamwamba kumawonjezera.

mipweya

Monga ife zafotokozedwa pamwamba kuchuluka zosafunika madzi nyanja ndi pafupifupi chimodzimodzi. Nanga nkhani kuvumbitsira icho chiri?

Amakhulupirira kuti masiku mipweya ya m'madziwo unakhazikitsidwa 1 biliyoni zapitazo. Ngakhale ndiye amchere monga izo ziriri tsopano. Makamaka zodabwitsa kopanda zikuoneka kuti R. Quinton, amene mu 1904 ananena kuti mchere zikuchokera madzi nyanja, ndipo magazi ndiwo ziri chomwecho. Mu 1910, AB Mallun analidi izi. Mu maganizo ake, ya mankhwala mu madzi nyanja nthawi imene Bony woyamba ndi nsomba cartilaginous, ofanana ndi magazi a nyama zonse. Koma mpaka pano, amanena ali mbali ndi adani.

M'madziwo lili zosiyanasiyana zinthu, chiwerengero cha lopatsidwa mwa peresenti mu tebulo zotsatirazi.

mndandanda angakhale osiyana pang'ono mu madera osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mbali ya Black Sea madzi nyanja ladzala ndi sulfide wa hydrogen, monga mabakiteriya sulphate kuchepetsa ali kalikiliki.

Kodi mchere unachokera kuti?

Taona kale zimene zikuchokera madzi a m'nyanja anthu a. Koma kodi zinthu zonsezi ndi chifukwa nyanja kukoma?

Ndipotu, mchere munali osati madzi nyanja komanso madzi abwino. Only ndende ya mchere, pali kwambiri moti sangathe kuzindikira popanda kusanthula wapadera. Mtsinje kutsukidwa kwa nthaka pa njira yanu mchere yemwe akanati kenako kugwa mu nyanja. Mchikakamizo cha kutentha kwa ukuphwera madzi nyanja ndi mchere anachoka mu malo.

Koma ngakhale ndondomeko oterowo zaka zambiri mpaka kalekale, madzi nyanja simukanati mchere zokwanira. Kupita mozungulira anaika ntchito chiphala zikuchitika mu matanthwe a pansi padziko. Chiphalaphala kusiya pamwamba, ndi kusakaniza madzi ndi osabwereranso kumeneko mpaka zitanyowetsa ndi osiyanasiyana zinthu mchere. N'chifukwa chake mipweya ya nyanja inakhazikitsidwa biliyoni zapitazo pamene ntchito chiphala ankalalikira mwakhama kwambiri.

Ndingatani kumwera ichi kodi?

Ndithu, mabuku kapena mafilimu inu mukuziwona amanena kuti n'zosatheka kumwa madzi nyanja Mulimonsemo? Koma chifukwa? Ndi madzi omwewo, ngati wina okha pang'ono zosafunika. Ndipotu, chifukwa iwo ndi undrinkable.

Kuchuluka kwa mchere lalikulu m'nyanjamo kuti Kupha kwawo kwa thupi adzafunika kangapo lalikulu kuposa H ₂ O, anali ankadya kuposa poyamba. N'chifukwa chake pambuyo zakudya aliyense mchere kotero ludzu. Ndipo mu madzi nyanja, monga taonera, ndi amenewa avareji 35 ‰. Ndi kwambiri.

Mu 1950s, ndi dokotala ndiponso mbali wapaulendo Alain Bambara zatsimikiziridwa ndi zimene zinam'chitikira, kuti chidakali kwa sabata madzi nyanja popanda vuto lililonse thanzi. Koma onani yokha mawu awa sikuthandiza.

Koma kodi madzi onse m'nyanja ndi kuwupasula mwamtheradi sangathe ntchito chifukwa kumwa? Mwina, koma pokhapokha ndondomeko desalination.

Kodi kuchotsa mchere?

Ife tinapeza zomwe zili madzi nyanja. Koma kuti amakhala oyenera kumwa, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosafunika za kuyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 70 nthawi. Koma bwanji kukwaniritsa chotsatirachi?

Pali njira zambiri desalinate madzi: .., ion kuwombola, distillation, electrodialysis, etc. ogwira ambiri amene amafuna osachepera mphamvu ndi ndalama ndalama. The njira ambiri ndi distillation, koma palibe zochepa wotchuka ndi n'zosiyana osmosis. Pankhaniyi, ndi kuthamanga kuyeretsa madzi. The chifukwa - 16 000 malita chabe $ 1.

Electrodialysis njira, monga dzina lake likunenera, ikuchitika mwa maelekitirodi. Pa nthawi ya inrush cations panopa ndi anions, zimene tinakambirana kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, amakonda ankalemekeza kwa cathode ndi anode kudzera Kakhungu wapadera. The madzi pakati maelekitirodi pang'onopang'ono desalted.

Ubwino madzi nyanja

Nthawi zambiri, anthu amene amadwala matenda kupuma, wotumidwa pa tchuthi gombe. Izo ziri zolondola, chifukwa madzi nyanja kumakhudza opindulitsa pa mapapo, bronchi ndi Mitsemphayi. Mchere wolemera madzi ukuchiza ndi kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kodi aliyense ndi wofunika?

Kukhala nyengo apanyanja ndi kusamba mu saltwater ndi pa anthu zotsatira thupi zimandilimbikitsa, komanso kusintha kugwira ntchito dongosolo endocrine. Zotsatira - matupi kuchuluka.

Zili m'nyanjamo bromo, iodo kashiamu ndi zimathandiza kulimbitsa ndi enamel mano ndi m'kamwa pa rinsing. Zotsatira zabwino, nadzatsuka pakamwa panu ayenera kukhala kangapo sabata kwa mphindi 2-3. N'zoona kuti zolinga zimenezi ndi abwino okha mwapadera mwayeretsa nyanja madzi, amene angapezeke pa mankhwala a. Pamaso ntchito, ayenera kutenthetsa kwa firiji.

Nyanja madzi ndi zabwino antiseptic. Imalimbikitsa kuchiritsa mabala ang'ono ndi abrasions, kuchepetsa kuyabwa ku tizilombo ting'onoting'ono.