Russian wolemba dzina lake Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin: moyo ndi ntchito, chidwi mfundo

Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin adakumana ndi zochitika zambiri zosiyana, zomwe moyo wawo ndi ntchito zadzala ndi zochitika zodabwitsa padziko lapansi. Ntchito zake zimapindula nthawi zonse ndi owerenga wamba komanso akatswiri. Zambiri za nkhani za Kuprin ndizolemba za mtundu wa zolemba, mwachitsanzo, "Antchito-Captain Rybnikov." Kwa nthawi zonse, ngale zoterezi zochokera ku mabuku osungirako mabuku a Russian monga "Makangaza a Chigamba", "Sulamith", "Olesya", "Listrigony," Junker "sizidzatchulidwa, komanso momwe ana amakono amawerengedwera ndi nkhani monga " White Poodle " Alexander Kuprin m'dziko lathu ali ndi kuzindikira kwathunthu.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Wolemba mtsogolo anabadwa mu August 1880 m'tawuni yaing'ono ya Penza. Bambo ake, yemwe anali wolemekezeka, anamwalira pamene mwana wake anali asanakwanitse chaka chimodzi. Amayi sakanatha kukweza Alexander pang'ono, chifukwa analibe ndalama zokwanira, ndipo adapatsa mwanayo kusukulu yamasiye.

A Alexander College ku Moscow anasiya kukumbukira zinthu zosangalatsa. Apa anadutsa msinkhu ndi unyamata, panali zochitika zoyamba zaunyamata, zochitika zokhudzana ndi zolemba, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri chimene Alexander Kuprin analowa kusukulu ndi abwenzi.

Moscow inali yokongola ndi makhalidwe ake achibadwidwe, nthano zake zokhazokha, zodzazidwa ndi kunyada (likulu, lopachikidwa mu ufulu!), Ndi zikondwerero zapanyumba, zozizwitsa. Kuwonekera kwa mzinda kunali kosasunthika ndipo sikunali kofanana ndi china chirichonse.

Kuyambira kulemba

Phunzirolo linapatsa Kuprin maphunziro apamwamba: zilankhulo - Russian, French, German. Physics, masamu, mbiri, geography ndi mabuku (mabuku). Pano pali otsiriza ndipo anakhala kwa iye pothawirapo moyo. Pano, kusukulu, ndipo adalemba nkhani yake yoyamba - "Choyamba Choyamba," yofalitsidwa ndi kutentha ndi kutentha kwa "Russian satirical messenger."

Kuprin anali wokondwa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti adakhalabe muchitetezochi (zosawerengedwa popanda chidziwitso cha mutu wa sukuluzo zinali zoletsedwa, koma Achinyamata wamng'ono sanadziwe izi, adalangidwa chifukwa chosadziŵa ntchito zamkati).

Potsiriza, wolemba kalatayi adatulutsidwa koyamba ku sukulu ndipo adatumizidwa kuti akakhale kumalire a kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Russia, midzi yamatauni omwe si ogontha a ndondomekoyi inalongosola momveka bwino m'nkhani yakuti "Duel" ndi nkhani "Ukwati".

Utumiki kumalire a dzikoli

Zomwe zili zabwino kwambiri, mpaka kumapeto kwa ntchito zovuta, monga "Fufuzani", "Overnight" ndi ena, wakhala ntchito kumalire. Komabe, wolembayo anali kuganizira mozama za ntchito zolemba. Zinali zofunikira kupeza chidziwitso chokwanira ichi, apa chinafalitsidwa m'nyuzipepala zamapiri, ndi nkhani yakuti "Bugs" inatengedwa ku nyuzipepala yakuti "Chuma cha Russia".

Mu 1890, Kuprin, amene moyo wake ndi ntchito zake zinkawoneka ngati zophimbidwa ndi moss ku backwoods, mwadzidzidzi anadziwana ndi Chekhov ndi Gorky. Maestros onsewa adagwira ntchito yaikulu ku Kuprin. Mwachibadwa, Alexander Kuprin adayamikira ntchito zawo kwambiri, ndipo zowonjezera - maganizo awo, ndipo Chekhov anali atapembedza.

Mutu waukulu

Palibe ngakhale imodzi mwa mutu waukulu, ndi mutu wofunika kwambiri, umene umakhala mmoyo wonse wa mlembi wakhala Alexander Kuprin, ndi chikondi. Masewero omwe amapezeka pamasulidwe ake akuwonekera momveka bwino, akudziwonetsera okha mwaziwonetsero zawo, nthawi zonse zowala, nthawi zonse, ndi zochepa zochepa (mwachitsanzo, "Lilac Bush" - nkhani yokongola kwambiriyi pa mphamvu ya lingaliro ili lofanana ndi "Mphatso ya Amagi" O. Henry, Pamenepo zonse zimathera bwino, kupatula chifukwa cha manyazi wa msilikali-msilikali chifukwa chachinyengo chake chachikulu). Kwa onse olemba enieni, monga Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich, biography imathandiza kupanga.

"Olesya"

Ntchito yoyamba yayikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri imapezeka mu 1898. Nkhaniyi ndi "Olesya" - chisoni, popanda pang'ono nyimbo, zowala, chikondi. Dziko la chikhalidwe cha heroine ndi mgwirizano wa uzimu mosiyana ndi munthu wochokera mumzinda waukulu ndi wankhanza. Chilengedwe, ufulu wamkati, kuphweka Olesya anakopera protagonist mofulumira kuposa chitsulo chamagetsi.

Kukoma mtima kwakukulu kunali kolimba kuposa chuma chauzimu, pafupifupi kupha msungwana woyera ndi wamphamvu. Makhalidwe a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe angasinthe ngakhale munthu wachibadwa ngati Olesya, koma Kuprin sanalole izi. Ngakhale chikondi chapamwamba sichikhoza kuyambitsanso makhalidwe auzimu omwe chitukuko chawononga. Ndicho chifukwa chake tanthauzo la nkhani yabwinoyi ndilopamwamba, kuti moyo wa Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich udaphunzitsidwa paliponse kuti awone zonse kuwala ndi mthunzi, kuzibisa kwake.

"Garnet bangili"

M'zinthu zamasiku ano, wolembayo amafufuza ndikupeza anthu oterewa omwe ali ndi nzeru zapamwamba angapitirire kuwonongera moyo wawo ngakhale m'maloto. Kutembenukira ku kufotokozedwa kwa "munthu wamng'ono", Alexander Kuprin, omwe mabuku ake amawerengedwa molimbika, amagwiradi ntchito zodabwitsa. Zikuoneka kuti munthu "wamng'ono" wa Kuprin amadziwika ndi chikondi chobisika, chodziwika bwino, chopanda chiyembekezo komanso chokhudza. Ichi ndi chozizwitsa, mphatso yabwino kwambiri. Ngakhale kufa, chikondi chimabweretsanso kumoyo, kugonjetsa imfa. Ndipo nyimbo, nyimbo, kubwereranso kwa moyo. Zimamveka mu mzere uliwonse, kudutsa kuchokera ku kuzizira kwachisanu mpaka kumverera kokhumudwitsa kwa dziko.

Chikondi chenicheni cha Plato ndi chopweteka kwambiri. Chiyero cha ankhondo ali ndi mphamvu yolenga chilengedwe. Omwe ali malemba omwe amawonekera pamaso pa owerenga, monga saw Kuprin, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito moyo ndi ntchito yathu m'dziko loipali likuyesera kuswa moyo wofooka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthawi zonse nthawi zonse zimakhala zosadzinyidwa ndi mzimayiyo, kusowa chikhulupiriro kuti ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mkazi amene ali ndi zofuna zake zonse. Komabe, kuvuta kwa zochitika ndi masewero kumapeto sikumusiya wowerenga akuvutika maganizo, anthu omwe Aleksandro Kuprin anabweretsa kwa wowerenga, mabuku ake-kudzikonda, kuyembekezera zokha. Kumvetsetsa pang'ono pambuyo powerenga kwa nthawi yaitali sikumusiya wowerenga.

"White Poodle"

Nkhaniyi, yomwe inafalitsidwa mu 1903, yonena za agogo-grinder, mnyamata Seryozha ndi galu wawo wokhulupirika, adodo a Artaud, adatchedwanso "White Poodle" ndi wolemba. Alexander Kuprin, monga nthawi zambiri zimachitikira, nkhaniyi inalengedwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe. Kwa iye pa dacha kawirikawiri anabwera alendo - ojambula, amangowadutsa, amwendamnjira, ndi banja lonse Kuprins amalandiridwa, amadya chakudya chamadzulo ndipo amadzazidwa ndi tiyi. Ena mwa alendowa anawonekera munthu wachikulire ali ndi ziwalo za mbiya, acrobat yaing'ono ndi galu woyera wophunzira. Apa iwo ali, ndipo anawawuza wolemba za zomwe zinawachitikira iwo.

Mayi wolemera uja adayesetsa kugulitsa mankhwala osungira mwana wake wamwamuna wamng'ono, wamphongo ndi wosazindikira, ojambula mwachibadwa anakana. Mbuyeyo anakwiya kwambiri, ndipo analemba mwamuna kuti agwire galu. Ndipo Sergei anaika moyo wake pangozi, kumasula Artoshka wokondedwa wake. Kuprin adati nkhaniyi inali yosangalatsa chifukwa nkhaniyo inkaphatikizapo nkhani ziwiri zomwe amakonda kwambiri - kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi chiyanjano chosasangalatsa, kukonda nyama, kusamalira iwo. Nthawi zambiri, mmalo mwa wolemba, amagwira ntchito, monga Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich mwiniwakeyo ananena, biography.

"Duel"

Pa liwu lautumiki mu 46th Dnieper Infantry Regiment ndipo anatenga mimba, nazunzidwa ndi Alexander Kuprin "Duel." Mzinda wa Proskurov, komwe msonkhano unachitikira, umadziwika mosavuta m'nkhaniyi. Atasiya ntchito, wolembayo anayamba kusintha malemba ake osamvetsetseka. Pamene nkhaniyo idakonzeka, Maxim Gorky adamutamanda, akuyitcha "wokongola" ndi "yosakwanira" kwa onse oganiza ndi owona mtima.

Lunacharsky adaperekanso nkhani ku Pravda ku Pravda kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1905, pamene adalandiridwa ndi mutu ndi malemba olembera ponena za masamba okongola a nkhani ya Kuprin, omwe ndi ovomerezeka kwa ankhondo, Liwu lanu lomwe la ulemu wosayenera.

Zithunzi zina za "Duel" Paustovsky zimatchulidwa bwino mu mabuku a ku Russia. Koma palinso zotsutsana. Osati amuna onse ankhondo adagwirizana ndi zenizeni, zomwe zinawululidwa ndi Alexander Kuprin (moyo ndi kulenga kumanena momveka bwino kuti iye sanalembe mabodza). Komabe, Lieutenant-General Geisman anadzudzula wolemba zabodza, udani wa asilikali komanso kuyesa boma.

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri Kuprin pa mbiri ya mkangano wachinyamata wotchedwa Romashov ndi wogwira ntchito, wamkulu pa udindo. Makhalidwe abwino, zokopa, zonyansa za gulu la apolisi - zochitika zonse za moyo wa chigawo cha Kuprin zomwe zinapanga dzikoli zinapangitsa kuti achinyamata azikonda kwambiri dziko lonse lapansi - komanso! - chikondi chenicheni, chokhululuka komanso chodzipereka.

Kope loyambirira la nkhaniyi linabwera ndi kudzipatulira kwa Maxim Gorky, popeza nkhanza zonse komanso nkhaniyi zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndizovuta. Ndipo Chekhov sanakonde nkhaniyi, komanso chikondi chake - makamaka Kuprin anali wosokonezeka kwambiri.

M'nyengo yozizira ya chaka chino, mlembiyo adakhala ku Balaklava, ku Crimea, komwe adawerenga chipanichi cha Nazanskiy kuchokera ku "Duel" pamadzulo. Balaklava - mzinda wa asilikali, ndipo mu holo yawo panthawiyo kunali kochuluka. Phokoso lalikulu linasokonekera, mothandizidwa ndi woyendetsa sitima, Lieutenant P. P. Schmidt, yemwe adatsogolera anthu opanduka ku Ochakov cruiser patatha mwezi umodzi . Mlembiyo adawona kuti asilikali a boma akuwomberedwa nkhanza ndi opandukawo ndipo adalongosola zochitika izi, kutumiza makalata ku St. Petersburg, m'nyuzipepala ya "New Life". Kwa ichi, Kuprin ochokera ku Balaklava anathamangitsidwa maola makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu ndi atatu. Koma wolembayo adatha kupulumutsa kuzunzidwa kwa oyendetsa sitima zambiri kuchokera ku "Ochakov". Ponena za kuukira kumeneku kenaka zinalembedwa mbiri zokongola: "Mbozi", "Giant", "Gambrinus" wodabwitsa kwambiri.

Wolemba za banja

Mkazi woyamba wa Kuprin anali Maria Karlovna Davydova, yemwe anakwatira mu 1902 ndipo adalandira chisudzulo mu 1909. Iye anali mayi wophunzira kwambiri, mwana wamkazi wa wotchuka wa cellist ndi wofalitsa magazini. Banja lotsatira, adakhala mkazi wa Nikolai wolamulira wotchuka wa Jordan-Negorev. Maria Karlovna anasiya buku la kukumbukira Kuprin - "Zaka za Achinyamata".

Anakhalanso ndi mwana wamkazi wokhala pamodzi - Lydia Alexandrovna Kuprin, yemwe anamwalira molawirira, mu 1924, akupereka wolemba mdzukulu wa Alexei. Ana a Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich ndi mdzukulu wake sanasiye ana ena, banja la Kuprins linasokonezedwa.

Mkazi wachiwiri, mngelo wake ndi woyang'anira, ndi Elizaveta Moritzevna Geynrikh, yemwe anakwatira mlembi mu 1909. Iye anali mwana wamkazi wa wojambula zithunzi ndi mlongo wa wojambula. Elizaveta Moritzevna anagwira ntchito moyo wake wonse, womwe sunali wofanana pa nthawi imeneyo, anali mlongo wa chifundo. Sindingathe kupulumuka ku Leningrad.

Iwo anali ndi mwana wamkazi, Ksenia Alexandrovna, msungwana wokongola ndi wanzeru, yemwe ankakonda kwambiri banja lonse, komanso anthu omwe anali ocheza naye pang'ono. Ankagwira ntchito mu fashoni yomwe inali yotchuka m'masiku amenewo, Paul Poiret, anali chitsanzo ndi wojambula. Mu 1958, anabwerera kuchokera ku France kupita ku USSR. Analembanso malemba akuti "Kuprin ndi bambo anga". Anasewera ku Moscow Pushkin Theater. Xenia wazaka chimodzi anali ndi mlongo wake, Zinaida, koma mu 1912 anamwalira ndi chibayo.

Nkhondo yisanayambe, nkhondo ndi pambuyo pa nkhondo

Zonse za 1909 Kuprin anagwira ntchito mwakhama - analemba nkhani yomwe inali yoopsa komanso ya nthawi yathu. Mlembiyo adasankha kusonyeza mkati mwa moyo wa azimayi kwinakwake m'madera. Anatcha nkhaniyo "Yama". Iye analemba kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu chaka chomwecho adapatsidwa mphoto ya Pushkin, komanso Ivan Bunin. Ichi chinali chovomerezedwa kale kuchokera ku Academy of Sciences.

Mu 1911, Kuprin anayenera kugulitsa ufulu wofalitsa ku Complete Works. Atalandira alulu zikwi zana kuchokera kwa wofalitsa, kale mu 1915 mlembiyo analemba kuti anali ndi ngongole. Kenaka buku loti "The Pearangeti Bracelet" linafalitsidwa, lomwe Kuprin Alexander Ivanovich analemba molimba mtima, nkhani "Telegraphist" ndi "The Holy Lie" - ntchito ndizobisika, zomveka, zomvetsa chisoni. Iwo anasonyezeratu kuti moyo wa wolembayo ndi wolemera siwongoleratu, kuti adakali wokonzeka kuwamvera chisoni, kukonda komanso kukondweretsa.

Mu 1914, kuprin adapita wodzipereka ku nkhondo, nayenso authente. Anatumikira ku Finland, koma osati kwa nthawi yayitali: adadziwika chifukwa cha umoyo wa ntchito zosayenera. Anabwerera kwawo, ndipo kunyumba - odwala: Elizaveta Moritzevna ndi mwana wake Xenia akuyamwitsa ovulala ... Choncho zaka za nkhondo zinadutsa. Kupanduka kwa 1917 Kuprin sanamvetse ndipo sanavomereze. Lenin sakonda. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa kwa gulu loyera mu 1920, Kuprins anasiya Russia.

Moyo wa Kuprin ku France wa zaka 20 wasonyeza kuti n'zovuta kuti munthu wina wa ku Russia asinthe. Zopindulitsa sizinali. Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya wolembayo inamasuliridwa ku French, koma zatsopano sizinalembedwe. Makampani ogulitsa malonda sanalephereke. Chinthu chachikulu - kudya moyo ukulakalaka. Kuli achinyamata, thanzi, mphamvu, chiyembekezo ... Chikhulupiliro chimenechi chimayambika mwa ntchito yaikulu yokha yolembedwa ndi Alexander Ivanovich kutali ndi Russia - buku la "Junker." Zinangokhala zolemba zochitika pamasukulu a usilikali, otentha, okhumudwa, koma ndi mtundu umodzi ndi wofatsa wa Kuprin humor. Iye ankafunadi kubwerera kwawo.

Kunyumba!

Malingaliro a Kuprin akubwerera ku Russia anali atachedwa. Mlembi wakudwala uja anabwerera kunyumba kuti afe. Msonkhanowo unali wowotha kwambiri - ankakondedwa kwambiri moti pafupifupi onse a Moscow anaganiza kuti amuone. Chisangalalo cha Alexander Ivanovich chinali chosatheka. Owona umboni akuwona kuti nthawi zambiri ankalira, amakhudzidwa ndi chirichonse: ana onse, ndi fungo la kwawo, makamaka chidwi ndi chikondi cha ena. Wolembayo, ngakhale akudwala, adafalitsidwa: ndemanga pamutu waukulu, "Mzinda wa Moscow", kenako kukumbukira Gorky (mwakachetechete kwambiri, monga ku ukapolo ku Kuprin Gorky sanapereke chithandizo ndi kuthandiza "boma la mantha ndi ukapolo").

Mu 1937 Kuprins atsopano anasamukira ku Leningrad ndipo anakakhala kumeneko, atazungulira ndi chisamaliro ndi chidwi. Mu June 1938, iwo anapita ku Gatchina wokondedwa wawo, kumene lilac inakula kwambiri kamodzi. Iwo anakana onse ku dacha yawo yakale, ndipo kuchokera ku zikwi makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zikwizikwi za izo, iwo anakhala ndi mkazi wamasiye wotchuka wa wojambula wotchuka. Kuprin anayendayenda m'munda wokongolawo, anali ndi mtendere ndi chimwemwe.

Komabe, matendawa adakula, matendawa anali khansa yoopsa kwambiri. Ku Leningrad, atabwerera ku Gatchina, bungwelo linaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito Kuprin. Kwa nthawi yayake anamva bwino, koma madokotala adachenjeza kuti palibe chimene tingayembekezere, makamaka. Kuprin anali kufa. M'masiku otsiriza iye anali nazo zonse zomwe zingatheke, madokotala abwino, chisamaliro changwiro. Koma kutalika kotereku kwa moyo sikungakhale kwamuyaya.

Moyo ndi wamuyaya

Olemba mabuku, otsutsa, olemba malemba analemba zojambula zenizeni za mlembi wodabwitsa, wowona wa Chirasha yemwe adapitirizabe miyambo yabwino kwambiri yowona zenizeni, wotsatira wochenjera wa Leo Tolstoy. Alexander Kuprin, amene anawamasulira m'zaka za zana, analemba mabuku oposa zana a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Iye anali woona, woona mtima, ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo mwachindunji m'mawu onse, iye analemba za zomwe iye anakumana nazo, anaona, anamva.

Kuprin amatchula omvera kwambiri, owerenga ake sadalira kugonana ndi msinkhu, aliyense adzapeza mzere wake, wokondedwa. Chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikondi chokhalitsa cha moyo, pulasitiki, mafotokozedwe opindulitsa, chinenero cholemera kwambiri chimathandiza ntchito za Kuprin kukhala chimodzi mwazowerengedwa kwambiri mpaka lero. Ntchito zake zikuwonetsedwa, zasinthidwa ndikumasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri za dziko lapansi.