Ethology - sayansi mitundu yonse ya khalidwe titadziwa za nyama ndi anthu

Kodi mukudziwa kuti maphunziro ethology? Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila yankho ku funso limeneli. Komanso, ife pofotokoza mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi malingaliro takambirana mu chimango cha sayansi. "Ethology" - mawu amene anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu theka 2 a 18 - m'ma 19. Komabe, ntchito ndiye yekha poyerekezera ndi munthu amatanthauza khalidwe komanso kumasulira kwake zochokera kuphunzira manja.

chakale ethology

Pa chiyambi cha 20th Century ethology - ndi wodziimira chilango sayansi. Choyamba, anaphunzira ndipo izikhala stereotypical achibadwidwe nyama - chinkhoswe mu amenewa ndi kuchititsa kusanthula poyerekeza.

Ethology - sayansi, pakutchulidwa amene amagwirizana ndi ntchito ya Ch O. Uitmena, W. Craig O. Heynrota.. Chakale sayansi nditafika pachimake pa chitukuko ntchito za N. Tinbergen, K. Lorenz, Karl Von Frisch. Izi asayansi ntchito zawo maziko a ethology. Chamene kafukufuku ikuchitika pa kusanthula chodabwitsa cha chilimbikitso. K. Lorenz adati chitsanzo hayidiroliki khalidwe limene limafotokoza kanthu, zingatanthauze, onse amazilamulira ake. Scientist ananena kuti kukula zolinga (mwachitsanzo, ngati nyama akapanda chakudya) kusungidwa mphamvu yeniyeni choikidwa yekha kuti mtundu uwu wa khalidwe. Ndi nthawi onetsetsani kuti kupeza njira yothetsera. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyama pa chakudya kulandidwa amasonyeza umalimbana kukafuna ntchito chakudya locomotor. Nditamaliza ena kuchita khalidwe (kwa ife - machulukitsidwe) amachokera gawo mpumulo. Khalidweli (mwachitsanzo, chakudya) nthawi imeneyi sangathe wapezeka.

Redefining mfundo

Ethology - sayansi, imene panali rethinking mfundo pa nthawi. Chifukwa chidziwitso anasonkhanitsa, ambiri a iwo sakanakhoza kukwaniritsa asayansi. Zinaonekeratu kuti kuwunika kwenikweni chimachititsa zolinga kutsegula ndi kuganiza mfundo alibe atsogolere kafukufuku khalidwe, koma kusokoneza izo. Ndikukayika zitsanzo amene amafotokoza za kudzikundikira mphamvu zolinga ndi wofunika.

Asayansi a sukulu yapamwamba, kuti asaiwale kuphunzira khalidwe titadziwa, chibadwa zotsimikizika. Komabe, ngakhale, tisaiwale kuti chinthu kafukufuku wawo ndi yofunika dongosolo khalidwe. Pamafunikanso osati zinthu titadziwa, komanso tikufuna.

ethology zamakono

Modern ethology - ndi nzeru za khalidwe la nyama ndi munthu adadza ku gawo latsopano la kafukufuku. Iye amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi zoopsychology komanso sayansi poyerekeza. Lero tikhoza kulankhula za chiyambi cha mtundu wa sayansi kupanga. Khalidwe ndi kuphunzira zambiri. Ethology - sayansi ya kusanduka ake, zinchito ndi dziphunzitsiranso tanthauzo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maphunziro ndi njira kwa makhalidwe polojekiti ndi ena.

Ntchito yaikulu ya ethology zamakono

Ethologists zochokera chakuti mmene nyama zinthu ndi anthu okhala awo achilengedwe, kumagwirizana ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa chinthu makamaka kwa kapangidwe ya ubongo. Asayansi bwino kusuntha kuchoka miyambo kafukufuku "achibadwidwe." Vuto lalikulu salinso kudziwa mtundu wa khalidwe ndi kuchuluka anatsimikiza ndi mphamvu ya chilengedwe kapena genotype. Mu 1977 ndi lv Krushinsky analemba kuti funso la anapeza kapena kobadwa nako mitundu ya khalidwe chiribe tanthauzo. Tingathe kudziwa okha mlingo wa chitukuko, "kutalika kwa malingaliro," komanso luso zinthu zina oimira taxa osiyana. Komanso, tingadziwire mmene masiyanidwe a zimenezi, chifukwa si cholowa.

khalidwe yolimbikitsa

Ethology wapanga Athandiza Kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa njira ya khalidwe la munthu ndi nyama. Si anatsimikiza chibadwa, malinga ndi maganizo ano asayansi. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti khalidwe ndi wamphamvu malleable kuti chikoka cha chilengedwe. Palinso kutengera za khalidwe anthu ndi nyama. Akufotokozereni chakuti n'zotheka kuphunzira anthu ndi malire awo. Nature sensorimotor zida akusokoneza kutisokoneza pa anthu. Ndiponso, si wopandamalire ndi katundu ya ubongo, ndi kutha kuzindikira zambiri. ethologists ambiri tsopano kusiya ziphunzitso za zolinga ankakonda kale. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti lingaliro ili akutanthauza chododometsa, chikhalidwe cha omwe akadali bwino anamvetsa.

Khalidwe ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa

Zimatiyika pa ethologists kufotokoza makhalidwe a ku: ethological, maganizo, thupi. Kwa mlingo otsiriza njira monga kwenikweni-amamva, humoral ndi mantha. Komabe, njira thupi khalidwe nawo mavuto aakulu kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti khalidwe ndi ofanana njira thupi zonse kusonkhezera wina ndi mnzake. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, pa dzanja limodzi, asaaonerera pa khalidwe la. Komabe, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa dzanja ena, zonse zimachitika zosiyana. Ndipotu khalidwe mwina zonse ndondomeko zokhudza thupi. Amadziwika Mwachitsanzo, endocrine zotsatira pa chiwonetsero cha ndewu. Komanso tikudziwa kuti mchikakamizo cha khalidwe mwina kusintha timadzi ta m'thupi mwa magazi a nyama. The makalata kwapafupi pakati pa awiriwa akusonyeza kuti Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, kani, ndi limagwirira mkati chifukwa ndikukhazikitsa khalidwe, osati mphamvu zake galimoto ndi chifukwa.

Khalidwe ndi Psychology

Ya Badridze ndi Ovsianiko kupereka kupeza chinsinsi kumvetsetsa njira chidwi ethology pa mlingo maganizo. olemba zimenezi amakhulupirira kuti m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo wapadera kumvetsa njira maganizo a khalidwe. Ndi chitonthozo maganizo. Mu chitsanzo, asayansi amenewa zikufotokozedwa monga khalidwe galimoto ya mapeto. Njira iyi ikukhudza kuganizira ayankhe aliyense khalidwe, limati awiri maganizo - ululu komanso chitonthozo. Mu uyu masika mu mgwirizano boma maganizo anati, pakalibe kutsutsana pa ntchito panopa, kufunika ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Omasuka, moyenera boma maganizo abwino. Kusapeza zimawonedwa pamene wina wa zinthu zitatu zimene tanena, osemphana ndi ena onse. kusintha kungadzutse maganizo.

Model Badridze ndi Ovsyanikova

Model Badridze J. ndi N. Ovsyanikova amaganiza kuti nyama makhalidwe awo amakonda kusunga boma la chitonthozo maganizo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, iwo akuyesera onetsetsani kuti magawo onse mu mzere ndi mzake. Mu amanena, tiona zotsatirazi lothandiza: zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito konsekonse mwachibale kwa kusanthula khalidwe la zamoyo pa mlingo payekha. Komanso, njira imeneyi ndi kuyesa kupeza kuti makinawa ntchito mwa khalidwe dongosolo. Ndipo wachitatu mfundo - kuzindikira kuti nyama amatha kulosera njira ya zochitika chilengedwe zakuthupi ndi zachikhalidwe, komanso kusintha zochita zawo malinga ndi kusintha zotheka.

Amasonyeza maganizo a ethology zamakono za ntchito ya chikumbumtima kukomoka mu khalidwe la nyama. Komabe, palinso mbali negative. Izi ambiguity Njira ndi chosowa njira kuyeza bwino mkati, boma maganizo. Komanso, ali bwinobwino mmene khalidwe ethology cinyama kuwunika zosowa zawo.

njira Ethological khalidwe

Mu okonzeka RV kunsana ethological njira chimanena kusanthula khalidwe la zimagwirira mkati mu gulu ndi milingo payekha. Limatsindika kuti malamulo ake pa mlingo wa chitukuko sangathe kusanduka Uwerenge mawonetseredwe pa m'munsi.

Ubale ndi zimene zimachitika pakati pa anthu

anthu ndi nyama ethology ali posachedwapa powasamalira chachikulu n'kuganiza khalidwe la anthu, ndi kuphunzira ubwenzi ndiponso zimene ankachita pakati pawo. Iwo amaganiza kuti munthu aliyense zimavuta ndi ena, ali ndi malingaliro zake za khalidwe ndi zotheka kwa abwenzi, logwirizana ndi vutolo anapatsidwa. Anthu kulandira chizindikiro zofunika pa maziko a awonera m'mbuyomo ndi mamembala a mtundu wawo. Ngati anthu awiri sankadziwa amakhudzana ndi ankhanza, makhalidwe awo okha zambiri chionetsero kwenikweni kokha. Kulumikizana uku ndi zambiri zokwanira kuti mmodzi wa iwo anavomereza kugonja.

Zimenezi kumasonyeza kugonjera. Izo zikuchitika mu njira yamtendere kuchokera chakuti anthu angathe kudziwa mwayi ndi kukakamiza mdani zizindikiro kunja (thanzi ndi udindo zakudya, kukula, khalidwe khalidwe, zaka ndi zina zotero. D.). Ngati anthu ali ndi nthawi yambiri zimavuta ndi mzake, pakati pawo pali ubale wapadera, amene akutsatiridwa ndi maziko a ojambula chikhalidwe. Gwirizanani, sayansi ndi ndimasewera kwambiri. Ethology lero si pachabe kwayamba kutchuka kwambiri. Mwina si munthu amene sangakhale ndi chidwi malongosoledwe a khalidwe la.

zopezera ubale

Pa gawo lino, mndandanda wa zomwe ethology maphunziro, lowonjezera ndi madera atsopano kafukufuku. Iye amayesetsa kupeza angapo mafunso, mayankho omwe ndi kosatheka kupereka, potengera ziphunzitso za makolo mwachibadwa ndi chilimbikitso. Choyamba, kuti adziwe chifukwa chake anthu ndi nyama boma likuyendetsera nthawi kusasintha, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani nyumba izi pafupifupi nthawi zonse bungwe m'njira masanjidwe.

Mu maukonde ubale wa nyama amafotokozedwa mawu a kugonana, zimakhalira pachibale, munthu selectivity, machitidwe a ulamuliro. Anthu, iwo nthawi zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Networks mwina alipo (makamaka mu magulu a Kanyaniko kubereka, zimakhalira pachibale ndi mabwenzi udindo), koma akhoza kukhalapo payokha Chrixitu (mwachitsanzo, zopezera achinyamata ubale ndi anzawo kusukulu ndi pa banja). Adalowa ubwenzi, gulu la anthu zimapanga zinthu zokhudza. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti mwa misinkhu yosiyanasiyana cha kapangidwe chikhalidwe wakhala kusokonezedwa odekha.

Ife tidamuyankha ndi funso za ethology zomwe. Kuzindikira mbali kufufuza wakhala kuchitika mawu mbiri ndi mawu a njira zosiyanasiyana. Ndithudi, ife pofotokoza mafunso zoyambirira za asayansi umenewu. Monga ethology ntchito ndi ongolankhula mwachangu kukhala nawo lero, kotero m'tsogolo, mwina, kudzakhala madera atsopano kafukufuku.