Bashkir kugalukira. Bashkir kugalukira 1705-1711: zimayambitsa, zotsatira

Bashkir kugalukira wa zaka 1705-1711 wasiya chizindikiro chake mu mbiri ya Russia. Nthawiyi si ambiri aphimbidwa. Against limakhala la Great kumpoto nkhondo ndi kusintha kwa Petro zachiwawa nthawi zambiri ndi azambiriyakale monga mavuto ang'onoang'ono zoweta.

m'malo oyamba

Atapita ndi instigators, anaukitsa Bashkir kupanduka. Ophunzira mu zochitika izi sanatchulidwe ntchito za luso mosiyana Mwachitsanzo, wamba chiwembu cha Pugachev. Nthawiyi, mbiri ya anthu amene ali m'gulu la Russian Ufumu, nakhala mbiri yake. Dziwani kuti kuthetsa malire, chinenero, miyambo ndi Bashkirs akale wosiyana lero. Pamaso kufotokoza Bashkir zipolowe za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, onani mwachidule mbiri ya mtundu uwu.

mudziwe malo osiyanasiyana

N'zotheka makolo Bashkirs amatchula m'mabuku ake Herodotus ndi Ptolemy. Akukhulupirira kuti gawo mtundu - izo steppe wa Urals Kumwera. magwero Arab a m'zaka za m'ma mwachindunji umboni izi. Malinga Ibn chonde, Bashkirs - Turkey moyo pa malo otsetsereka kum'mwera kwa Urals wa, zimakhala m'madera ambiri ku Volga, anzawo kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndi Pechenegs kumadzulo - ndi Bulgars, kum'mwera - Oguz.

Sharif Idrisi, malo, kwa zaka za m'ma akhumi inanena kuti Bashkirs anakakhala pa chiyambi cha Kama ndi Urals. Iye analankhula za kuthetsa ikulu inacemerwa Nemzhan inali ku malire a kumtunda kwa mtsinje Lika (mwina Yaik kapena Ural). Bashkirs ankachita yadothi mkuwa, migodi nkhandwe ndi Beaver tsitsi, miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mzinda gurkhan, kumpoto mbali ya mtsinje Agidel, Bashkirs zinalengedwa zokongoletsera, oyang'anira ndi zida.

Magwero a anthu

Akunena kuti Bashkirs akhala padziko la Yuzhnyy Ural. Kwa nthawi yaitali iwo anali anthu ochuluka kuposa m'chigawo. Kuti mudziwe pamene anafika Bashkir Yuzhnyy Ural mmene chinenero chawo wamba linapangidwa, ilo silidziŵika. Popeza kuti ali pa mlingo pang'onopang'ono chitukuko kuti tasiya kuda bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo Dziko anthu ambiri Ugric mafuko amene anali mwini wa processing zikuluzikulu zitsulo ndi zamanja ena. Umboni wa kukhala n'chodabwitsa awo ndipo apeza ena ofukula zinthu zakale.

More kapena sichidziwika bwino maganizo a anthu Bashkir anaonekera kokha m'zaka 16-17. Poyamba, anabalalika mafuko. Kenako, magulu awa anapanga kusiyana kwakukulu m'chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Bashkirs anafika Yuzhnyy Ural pa maganizo Ural, pa zina - ndi gulu la mafuko Finno-Ugric, kakusintha Turkization ndithu. Lachitatu ndi zolondola kwambiri Baibulo ndi kuti Bashkirs - ndi zotsala za mafuko oyendayenda amene kugwiritsa njira Kukwatiwa wa moyo. Mwadzidzidzi moyo kusintha chinathandiza kutha kwa ena miyambo ndi m'malo ena. Pofika mu nthawi ya kusintha kwa pastoralism yoyendayenda theka-woyendayendawu zinachitika mu nyengo ya ku TH 17 19 m'ma TH. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mwachangu kufufuza Yuzhnyy Ural Russian. Choncho, miyambo ya Bashkirs anali m'malo ndi Russian ndi Finno-Ugric. Bashkirs akhasaka ndi ulimi. Part wa Chikhalidwe watayika. Kulamulira anthu anali ndi yofewa, monga ambiri kukhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka. Only mbiri za amakakamizidwa zachikunja Bashkirs zinamuipira.

amayanjana zinenero

chilankhulo Bashkirsky limabweretsa Kypchak Volga-subgroup m'gulu Qypchaq gulu Turk nthambi zinenero Altaic. Pali m'zilembo atatu: kum'mwera, kum'mawa, kumpoto chakumadzulo. Kale, Bashkirs ntchito Turkic runic kulemba, pa mapangidwe Islam - Arabic zilembo. Pofuna anapangidwa kumasulira chinenero cha alifabeti ya Chiroma, panthawi mu Bashkir zilembo makalata sate-firii Russian, zisanu ndi zinayi zina kusonyeza phokoso yeniyeni.

chipembedzo

Malinga ndi Aluya akale, Bashkirs anali zikhulupiriro poyamba zachikunja. mafuko wakale ankapembedza milungu khumi, asilikali anadzitcha ndi nyama zakutchire. Mwachionekere, chipembedzo wakale anafanana mizimu. Nthawi kufotokoza anthu Urals mbiri yakale Arab chikugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Islam Bashkirs. Bashkirs kutsatira bwino kuchita Islam zinachititsa wamagazi, zowononga kupanduka.

Kulumikizana Russia

Mu 13-14 zaka TH, ndi Bashkirs anali gawo la Golden gulu. Pambuyo mtundu wake kugwa lidagawikana mwachirengedwe. Bashkirs Western ndi kumpoto-kumadzulo anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Kazan Khanate. Chiwerengero cha chapakati, kum'mwera ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa mbali ya Bashkiria anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa a Nogay gulu. Zauralskaya zambiri amatchedwa wa ku Siberia Khanate. Pa ulamuliro Ivana Groznogo Bashkirs onse khanate nayenso anatenga Moscow nzika.

zinthu kuvomereza kutumikira Bashkir kupanduka. Zinachitika kuti analanda Kazan. kulowa anali zaufulu ntchito ndi mankhwala a tsar Russian kuti Bashkirs lapansi. Ivan Grozny anapanga zokambirana panayamba Bashkirs anawapatsa ufulu patrimonial pansi, kupulumutsa Islam ndi boma.

Mbiri ya kupanduka

Pofuna kusokoneza otsatira Ndondomeko wachititsa ambiri kusakhutira pakati pa anthu a Bashkiria. Pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu wa mayiko Romanovs Bashkir anayamba mwachangu kugawa nzika, motero kuphwanya ufulu patrimonial a anthu eni dziko. Chipwirikiti zinachitika koyamba mu 1645. Kenako Bashkir kugalukira zinachitika kuyambira 1662 mpaka 1664, 1681 ndi 1684, ndi 1704 a 1711 (1725) chaka. Motalikitsa nthawi ntchito amagwirizana ndi poyesa kuchotseratu Islam. Onse Bashkir kugalukira anabweretsa mavuto ku dziko Russian ndi chitukuko zovuta za m'mayiko ena. Ufumu kamodzinso anatsimikizira patrimonial bwino Bashkir napatsa udindo watsopano chiyanjanitso.

Bashkir kugalukira wa zaka 1705-1711

Malinga ndi Baibulo limodzi chiwembu wafunsira mbiri za loletsa chipembedzo cha Muslim, pa zina - kulanda anthu m'mayiko patrimonial ndi kulera misonkho. Mu August 1704 mu Bashkiria anafika Dohov okhometsa msonkho, ndipo Zhiharev Sergeev. Iwo analengeza boma latsopano lamulo. Analengeza oyamba a misonkho pa mzikiti ndi, mullahs ndi mpingo nyumba ya kulambira. Mizikiti anali kumanga pa chitsanzo cha mpingo wa Orthodox, ndi manda pafupi ndi tchalitchi kulinganiza, kukhalabe mbiri chipembedzowo ndi kulembetsa mabanja imfa, adzawalange pamaso pa ansembe Orthodox. zaluso onsewa amaziona ngati pokonzekera loletsa chipembedzo cha Chisilamu.

Pa Great kumpoto nkhondo, chofunika chuma, ndi Bashkirs adamfunsa zina 200 000 akavalo ndi asilikali 4,000. Total lamulo anabweretsa ndi okhometsa msonkho, lili 72 msonkho watsopano. Makamaka, msonkho unayamba pa diso mtundu. Bashkir mukudziwa wotsutsana nafuna kuti adzipatule kwa kulowa mu ufumu wa Ottoman. The zachiwawa woyamba zinachitika motsogozedwa Aldara ndi Kuzyuk.

Ndi 1708 Bashkirs Samara, Saratov, Astrakhan, Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan lalandidwa. Kupanduka yekha okha, koma kupondereza 1711 komaliza. State "pribytchiki" - okhometsa msonkho Dohov, Sergeev ndi Zhiharev - aimbidwa kulanga kwa kutolera misonkho oletsedwa ndi zosayembekezereka lamulo. Choncho zimayambitsa kuti inathetsedwa Bashkir kugalukira 1705-1711 gg. Ngakhale mtendere anakhazikitsa yekha mu 1725, Bashkirs kachiwiri chikalata okhulupirika kwa Mfumu Russian. Zotsatira za Bashkir kupanduka zinali zokhumudwitsa. Kupha ambiri Russian ndi Bashkir, kusakhutira akadali anakhalabe.

Chilakolako cha anthu kukhalanso si kuchepa pambuyo zokambirana tsarist boma koma kupanduka wina adanyamuka msanga. Kunena zoona, zachiwawa anali kuletsedwa, ndi instigators anali kulangidwa kwambiri.

masiteji kugalukira

Tiyeni tiwone momwe anakamba Bashkir kupanduka. Gome m'munsimu chikusonyeza masitepe ndi zochitika.

kugonjetsedwa

Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa Bashkir kugalukira ambiri. Kugawikana mafuko ndi awo theka-woyendayendawu zinali ngati kuti athandize asilikali a mfumu, ndi iwo. Mgwireni ndi kuwononga yaing'ono magulu ankhondo oukira apakavalo, kuwateteza ku midzi Russian kunali kovuta. Nayenso opandukawo, popanda okhwima centralization, anachita mosiyana. Zolinga za magulu payekha - kuchokera akuba banal kulenga zimachitika palokha. Bashkirs anali bwino zida analibe malinga sanathe kuchita, anachoka. Kuwagonjetsa iwo anafotokoza ntchito anthu wamba, chapamwamba zedi, manambala ndi mchitidwe anadabwa. Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa kugalukira Bashkir komanso kugona mu kulephera kukambirana, mosalekeza internecine kulimbana ndi ndale miscalculations instigators.

Last Bashkir kugalukira

Kenako amayesetsa kulera Bashkir kupanduka anali kwambiri wamagazi. Zifukwa Bashkir kugalukira zofanana ndi m'mbuyomu. Kufalitsa patrimonial dziko kutumikira anthu anatsogolera kupanduka kwa anthu zakwawoko. Pa Bashkirs kugalukira iye anasankhidwa wolamulira yake - Sultan Giray. Chifukwa cha "zoona" Russian Bashkir kugalukira idagonjetsedwa. Bashkir kugalukira zaka 1735-1740 ankanena moyo wa munthu anayi Bashkir.

Mu 1755 zaka -1756, kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso za chigonjetso cha Russian Ufumu wasankha kupereka Bashkirs kwa Chikhristu. Anathyola yoweyula latsopano la kupanduka. Opandukawo analibe umodzi, pansi pa mavuto asilikali Russian, ambiri a iwo anachoka mu Chikazaki steppes. Elizabeth II nakocheza mbali yawo ya Volga Chitata, ndipo opandukawo anagonjetsedwa kachiwiri.

Mu zaka 1835-1840 mogwirizana ndi mphekesera za kusintha Bashkir wamba wamba kugalukira kunabuka pansi landlords serfdom. Iwo nawo okwana anthu pafupifupi 3,000. wamba sakanakhoza asilikali atangokanidwa anagonjetsedwa. UKAMALIZA ndi Bashkir kupanduka. Serfdom mu Russia ndi ikuchepa, ndi patrimonial dziko salinso kugwira. Akutukuka opanga ndi gwero m'zigawo, amene akutsutsana bwanji chuma derali.