Alkadienes ali oimira ma hydrocarboni osatulutsidwa

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes, omwe amasiyana ndi ma atomu a haidrojeni, amatanthauza ma hydrocarboni. Ganizirani zinthu zosiyana pakati pa kalasi iliyonse, mtundu wa kusakanizidwa, katundu wokhalapo.

Mafarafini

Mitengo ya ma hydrocarboni imakhala yowonjezereka C _n H _{2n + 2} . Mwa iwo, maunyolo onse pakati pa haidrojeni ndi maatomu a carbon amakhala osakwatira. Ngati hydrogen imodzi ikasokonezeka, ndiye kuti alkane amasandulika kukhala tinthu tochepa kwambiri. Oimira oyambirira a mndandandawu ndi zinthu zowonongeka pang'ono m'madzi.

Pamene chiwerengero cha ma carboni m'kati mwake chikuwonjezeka, kusungunula kumachepa, ndipo ma hydrocarboni amalowa mu dziko lonseli pansi pazikhalidwe.

Zina mwazofunikira zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi oimira kalasiyi, timasankha m'malo. Mogwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti zonse zokhudzana ndizodzaza, kuwonjezera kwa alkanes ndizosagwirizana. Mofanana ndi zinthu zina zonse, alkanes amatenga mpweya (kutentha), chifukwa cha mphamvu yomwe imatulutsidwa. Izi zimakhala zowonjezera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo otentha ndi malo ogulitsa mafakitale.

Makina a Cycloalkanes

Chidziwitso cha kalasiyi ndi kukhalapo kwa mawonekedwe a mamolekyu. Njira yowonjezereka ya ma hydrocarbon amenewa ndi C _n H _2n . Poganizira zenizeni za kapangidwe ka kalasiyi, amadziwika ndi kusintha mmalo mwachingwe, komanso kuwonjezera kwa hydrogen, yomwe ikuphatikizidwa ndi chiwonongeko.

Alkenes

M'magulu ovomerezeka a ethylene, njira yowonjezera ili ndi mawonekedwe a C _n H _{2n + 2} . Zina mwazosiyanitsa ma hydrocarbons (naphthenes), timasiyanitsa kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano pakati pa ma atomu a mpweya. P-bond isapangidwe chifukwa chophatikizidwa ndi awiri omwe si osakanizidwa p-orbitals ochokera ku ma atomu a mpweya.

Kukhalapo kwake sikungogwiritsira ntchito mtundu wa kaboni wosakanizidwa mu ziphuphu, koma komanso khalidwe labwino la anthu onse oimira gulu ili la mankhwala. Zotsatira zoyenera ku mgwirizano wa unsaturated (awiri) ndizo ziwonongeko za madzi a bromine.

Chifukwa cha kuyanjana, kugwirizanitsa kawiri kumagwirizanitsidwa, halogen ya molekyulu imamangirizidwa ku alkene. Kuonjezera apo, kutaya kwa potaziyamu permanganate kumagwiranso ntchito pazomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zomwe zimaperekedwa.

Zina mwa zinthu za ethylene ndi homologues, ndizofunikira kuzindikira mitundu yowonjezera yowonjezera. Pamene hydrogenating (kugwirizana ndi hydrogen), mawonekedwe ofanana a alkane. Kutentha (ndi madzi) ndi hydrohalogenation (ndi hydrogen halide molecule) imapezeka mu alkenes unsaturated malinga ndi ulamuliro wa Markovnikov.

Chokhazikika chake chimakhala kuti kugwirizanitsa kaŵirikaŵiri kumagawanika pamene malo osakanikirana a alkene ((bond bond 1) ya madzi kapena hydrogen halide molecules amamangirizidwa. Hydrogen imaphatikizidwa pakuchita kwa atomu ya hydrogenated (hydrogenated) atomu ya carbon, ndipo gulu la hydroxo kapena halogen likuphatikizidwa ndi H. yosachepera hydrogenated H.

Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezerapo, machitidwe a poizoni ndi chikhalidwe cha ethylene ndi homologues ake. Molekyu wamkulu wa polima omwe ali ndi ziwalo zofanana zofanana zimapangidwira kuchokera kochepa kakang'ono koyambirira. Kupanga mafuta m'thupi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu makina opanga mankhwala kuti apange mapulasitiki amasiku ano.

Alkadiene

Poyambirira, timadziwa kuti alkadienes ali osaturated hydrocarboni omwe ali ndi njira yowonjezera C _n H _{2n + 2} . Pali kufanana kwina pakati pa oimira za mndandanda wovomerezeka wogonana ndi zowonongeka. Popeza alkadienes ali ndi ma hydrocarboni osatulutsidwa, amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeredwa.

Kusiyanitsa ndikuti pali zigawo ziwiri zosasunthika mu dienes, kotero, kuthetsa mgwirizano, madzi owonjezera a bromine, hydrogen, madzi, hydrogen halide adzafunika.

Oimira ena ambiri amalowanso polymerization zimachitika. Zogula zomwe zimapezeka panthawiyi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina a rubber, kupanga mphira. Popeza alkadienes ali ndi zinthu zosagwedezeka, khalidwe loyenerera pazomwe lidzatsimikizire kuti lidzakhala potentha madzi a potassium permanganate ndi mabromine. Alkadiene, omwe mavotala awo amayamba ndi mankhwala, ndi zakumwa kapena zolimba.

Pakati pa magulu a anthu omwe akuyimira maphunzirowa, tidzasiyanitsa kupanga zipangizo zamapulogalamu.

Alkyny

M'magulu ovomerezeka a acetylene, mawonekedwe onsewa ali ndi mawonekedwe a C _n H _2n-2 . Ngati alkadienes ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ziwiri, ndiye kuti alkynes ndi mgwirizano umodzi katatu. Kuchita bwino kwa mgwirizano katatu wa alkynes osagwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa oimira kalasiyi ndi makina ovuta - siliva amine hydroxide (1). Chifukwa cha kuyanjana, mchere wa siliva wa acetylide umapangidwa.

Oimirira a mndandanda wa ovomerezekayi ndi masamba a alkadienes. Mofanana ndi alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes onse amalumikizana ndi ma halo, hydrogen, hydrogen halide, madzi. Ngati sitingathe okwanira haidrojeni kuwonjezeredwa kwa acetenele molecule, ethylene imapangidwa. Ngati mukugwirizana ndi hydrogen yochulukirapo ya acetylene, mpangidwe wa ethane (wotchuka wa hydrocarbon) umapangidwa.

Kutsiliza

Alkine, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambapa, amasonyeza bwino kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a zinthu. Ma hydrocarboni onse omwe ali nawo ali ndi kashi ndi ma atomu a haidrojeni, kotero iwo ndi mafuta abwino kwambiri.