Mayiko Nomenclature wa alkanes. Alkanes: kapangidwe, katundu

Imathandiza kuyamba ndi tanthauzo la alkanes. Izi zimalimbikitsa kapena zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka, paraffins. Ifenso tikhoza kunena kuti carbons imene pawiri C maatomu imagwiridwa ndi njira ubale yosavuta. Chilinganizo ambiri a mawonekedwe: CnH₂n + 2.

Amadziwika kuti chiŵerengero cha H ndi C maatomu mu mamolekyulu awo ngati n'kotheka poyerekeza ndi makalasi ena. Popeza kuti valences onse wotanganidwa kapena C, kapena H, ndi katundu mankhwala alkanes anasonyeza kwambiri zokwanira, dzina wachiwiri mutuluka mawu malire kapena chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa.

palinso dzina wakale umene umawalitsira bwino himinertnost awo wachibale - paraffins, amene anawamasulira amatanthauza "akusowa kuyandikana".

Choncho, kukambirana za lero wathu: "Alka: magazi zino, nomenclature, kapangidwe, isomerism". Kodi inunso deta pano okhudza katundu lawo.

Alkanes: kapangidwe, nomenclature

Mu maatomu izi C ali mu mkhalidwe monga sp3-mwakusakaniza. Choncho alkane molekyulu tingachisonyeze monga ya tetrahedral nyumba C, amene chikugwirizana osati mwa iwo okha komanso ndi H.

Pakati C ndi H maatomu alipo cholimba, otsika kwambiri kumalo ozizira m-muzikondana. Maatomu padziko nsinga limodzi nthawi zonse atembenuza monga chotsatira cha alkanes mamolekyulu kutenga njira zosiyana, momwe kutalika kwa kugwirizana, mbali pakati pawo - ndi zokhazikika. Mitundu, amene lidzasinthidwa mzake chifukwa kasinthasintha wa molekyulu, amene amapezeka padziko σ-kumangidwa, amatchedwa conformation ake.

Mu ndondomeko ya detachment kuchokera H maatomu a molekyulu ndi ndipamene 1-valent particles otchedwa hydrocarbon ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. mankhwala awa ndi zotsatira osati organic mankhwala komanso zochita kupanga. Ngati kuchotsera atomu awiri a hydrogen ku malire hydrocarbon molekyulu, munthu amalandira ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira 2-valence.

Choncho alkanes kungakhale nomenclature:

• zozungulira (akale Baibulo);
• M'MALO (mayiko, mwadongosolo). Iye akufuna ndi IUPAC.

Makamaka zozungulira nomenclature

Mbali yoyamba alkanes nomenclature yodziwika motere:

1. Ankamvera chimasanduka monga zotumphukira wa methane, amene chisiyana 1 kapena zambiri H maatomu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira.
2. The digiri yapamwamba ya mayiko pa nkhani ya mankhwala si zovuta.

Features a m'malo nomenclature

M'MALO nomenclature alkane ali mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Maziko dzina - 1 unyolo mpweya, ndi otsala zidutswa maselo amaonedwa monga substituents.
2. Ngati pali ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira angapo zofanana pamaso dzina lawo limasonyeza chiwerengero (mosamalitsa mawu), ndipo manambala kwakukulu ankasiyana mipatuliro.

Umagwirira: nomenclature wa alkanes

Pakuti mayiko, mfundo mawonekedwe tabular.

Pamwamba nomenclature alkanes monga maina mbiri anapanga (woyamba 4 mawu a pa mndandanda zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka).

alkanes pano nondeployed ndi C 5 kapena unachulukanso kuchokera Greek mawerengero maatomu omwe kusonyeza chiwerengero anapatsidwa maatomu C. Choncho -en suffix limasonyeza kuti thunthu la chiwerengero cha mankhwala zimalimbikitsa.

Pokoka maudindo kufalitsidwa alkanes ngati unyolo waukulu amusankha amene muli nambala pazipita maatomu C. Iwo owerengedwa kuti substituents nambala zazing'ono. Pankhaniyi maunyolo awiri kapena kuposa kutalika wofanana wobwezera wina waukulu muli chiwerengero chapamwamba substituents.

isomerism wa alkanes

Monga hydrocarbon-anayambitsa zingapo zokhudza dziko CH₄. Ndi wina woimira mndandanda wa methane anati motsutsana ndi methylene gulu yapita - CH₂. chitsanzo agona mu mndandanda wa alkanes.

German wasayansi Schill atapereka akafunsiridwa dzina nambala ya magazi. Kumasulira kwa tanthauzo Greek "zofanana, monga."

Choncho, magazi mndandanda - mndandanda wa mankhwala ofanana organic ndi mtundu womwewo wa kapangidwe ndi himsvoystvami pafupi. Homologs - mamembala a mndandanda. Magazi kusiyana - methylene gulu imene awiri osiyana pafupi homologue.

Monga tanenera poyamba, zikuchokera aliyense wa hydrocarbon zimalimbikitsa lofotokozeredwa ndi chilinganizo ambiri CnH₂n + 2. Choncho, kutsatira dziko ndi membala wa magazi mndandanda wa ethane - C₂H₆. Kuti tikuona dongosolo la methane, m'pofunika m'malo H atomu pa 1 CH₃ (chithunzi m'munsimu).

Kapangidwe ka lililonse homologue wotsatira akhoza katengedwa ku pamwamba momwemo. Chifukwa cha ethane anapanga propane - C₃H₈.

Kodi isomers?

Kodi zinthu ndi zofanana Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe maselo zikuchokera (zofanana maselo chilinganizo) koma nyumba osiyana mankhwala ndipo ndi himsvoystvami osiyana.

Yodziwika ndi chimasanduka zatchulidwazi pa chizindikiro monga kutentha kuwira: -0,5 ° - byuteni, -10 ° - isobutane. Izi mtundu wa isomerism amatchedwa carbonaceous mafupa isomerism ndi zolembedwa mtundu structural.

chiwerengero cha isomers structural kumawonjezera mofulumira ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya. Choncho, C₁₀H₂₂ zizigwirizana isomers 75 (osati kuphatikizapo danga), ndipo kwa 4347 C₁₅H₃₂ kale isomers, chifukwa C₂₀H₄₂ - 366.319.

Choncho kale zinaonekeratu kuti zimenezi alkanes, magazi zino, isomerism, nomenclature. Tsopano m'pofunika kupita malamulo maina IUPAC.

IUPAC nomenclature: Dzina la maphunziro

Choyamba, m'pofunika kupeza Kapangidwe ka unyolo hydrocarbon mpweya, limene lili ndi kutalika kwambiri ndi chiwerengero pazipita substituents. Ndiye nambala chofunika unyolo C maatomu, kuyambira kumapeto, yomwe wapafupi substituent.

Kachiwiri, maziko - dzina la unbranched zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon womwe ndi chiwerengero cha C maatomu ndi unyolo waukulu.

Chachitatu, pamaso maziko ayenera mwachindunji zipinda lokantov, yomwe ili pafupi ndi ziwanga lapansi. Zinalembedwa hyphenated dzina alternates.

Kachinayi, ngati substituents zofanana pa maatomu osiyana C lokanty pamodzi, mmene pamaso dzina pamaoneka kuchulukana manambala oyambirira: di - ziwiri zofanana substituents atatu - atatu, tetra - anayi, penta - asanu, etc. Ziwerengero .. iwo ayenera ankasiyana koma, ndipo pa mawu - hyphen.

Ngati m'modzi ndipo olingana C atomu zili substituents awiri basi lokant komanso olembedwa kawiri.

Malinga ndi malamulo amenewa, ndipo anapanga ndi nomenclature mayiko wa alkanes.

ziyerekezo Newman a

Izi wasayansi American adafotokoza kuti likutipatsa conformations chionetsero wapadera ziyerekezo chilinganizo - Newman ziyerekezo. Iwo zizigwirizana mitundu A ndi B ndi C amaoneka mu chithunzi m'munsimu.

Mbali yoyamba ya A-waposa conformation, pamene lachiwiri - B-akulephera. Mu malo A H maatomu ili pa mtunda osachepera Chrixitu. mtundu umenewu umafanana ndi mtengo waukulu wa mphamvu chifukwa chakuti repulsion kwambiri therebetween. Izi boma ankafalitsa mwakhama akumane, umene molekyulu amamuchititsa kusiya izo, ndi kupita ku wolimba malo B. Apa H maatomu a mtunda pazipita Chrixitu. Choncho, mphamvu kusiyana kwa zinthu zimenezi - 12 KJ / mol, kotero kuti ufulu kasinthasintha padziko olamulira a ethane molekyulu, zomwe zikugwirizana magulu methyl analandira m'goli. Kamodzi mu malo ankafalitsa mwakhama yabwino ya molekyulu kumeneko anachedwa, mu kulankhula kwina, "ananyema". N'chifukwa chake amatchedwa kupepera. Zotsatira -. 10 zikwi ethane mamolekyulu ali mu mawonekedwe a imathetsa conformation anapereka firiji. chimodzi chokha ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana - waposa.

Kukonzekera chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa

Kuchokera m'nkhani izo adaphunzira kuti alkanes izi (loukitsa, nomenclature anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kale). Zingakhale superfluous kufufuza njira zawo kukonzekera. Iwo yotengedwa zachilengedwe monga mafuta, gasi, mafuta kugwirizana, malasha. Komanso ntchito njira kupanga. Mwachitsanzo, H₂ 2H₂:

1. The ndondomeko ya hydrogenation wa chimasanduka unsaturated: CnH₂n (alkenes) → CnH₂n + 2 (alkanes) ← CnH₂n-2 (alkynes).
2. Monoxide kuchokera chisakanizo cha C ndi H - syngas: nCO + (2n + 1) H₂ → CnH₂n + 2 + nH₂O.
3. Kuyambira zidulo carboxylic (salt Hud): electrolysis pa anode kuti cathode ndi:

• Kolbe electrolysis: 2RCOONa + 2H₂O → R-R + 2CO₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH;
• Dumas anachita (aloyi soda): CH₃COONa + NaOH (T) → CH₄ + Na₂CO₃.

1. Akulimbana mafuta: CnH₂n + 2 (450-700 °) → CmH₂m + 2 + CN-mH₂ (nm).
2. Gasification ya mafuta (olimba): C + 2H₂ → CH₄.
3. Kaphatikizidwe wa alkanes zovuta (halogenated) omwe chiwerengero kochepa maatomu C: 2CH₃Cl (chloromethane) + 2Na → CH₃- CH₃ (ethane) + 2NaCl.
4. Kufutukuka madzi methanide (zitsulo carbides): Al₄C₃ + 12H₂O → 4Al (OH₃) ↓ + 3CH₄ ↑.

The thupi katundu wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa

Pakuti mayiko, deta yagawidwa tebulo.

Kutsiliza

Nkhaniyi inalingalira malingaliro amenewa monga alkanes (mawonekedwe, dzina lamanenedwe, isomerism, maumboni ovomerezeka, etc.). Zing'onozing'ono zimauzidwa za zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi mawonekedwe omwe amatchulidwa ndiwotchulidwa. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito alkanes zimafotokozedwa.

Kuonjezera apo, nkhaniyi imatchula mwatsatanetsatane dzina lonse la mayina a alkanes (mayesero angathandize kuti adziwitse zomwe akupeza).