Phraseological kuphatikiza: Zitsanzo

Akutembenukira m'chiganizo - ndi bane aliyense amene amaphunzira chinenero china, chifukwa tikakumana nawo, anthu sangathe kumvetsa zomwe uli pangozi. Nthawi zambiri, kumvetsa m'njira ya mawu, m'pofunika ntchito dikishonale ya ma phraseological, omwe si nthawi zonse pa dzanja. Komabe, pali njira - mukhoza luso kuzindikira Zining'a, ndiye kudzakhala kosavuta kumvetsa tanthauzo lake. Komabe, muyenera kudziwa ziti ali ndi momwe iwo amasiyana. chidwi pa nkhani imeneyi ziperekedwe kwa ma phraseological monga iwo (chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana za mtundu iwo) kulenga mavuto ambiri. Choncho, ndichiyani, ndi zizindikiro zawo zimasiyanitsa ndi zimene otanthauzira mungapeze malangizo otani?

Phraseology ndi phunziro la lake

Science phraseology, amene imakhazikika mu kuphunzira kwa ma zosiyanasiyana za khola, wachinyamata. Mu zilankhulo Russian, anayamba kuoneka ngati gawo osiyana chabe m'zaka XVIII., Ndipo kenako kumapeto kwa zaka zino, zikomo Mihailu Lomonosovu.

Wotchuka ofufuza ake - akatswiri a zinenero Viktor Vinogradov ndi Nikolay Shan, ndi English - A. The McKay, William Weinreich ndi L. P. Smit. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi Dziwani kuti akatswiri a zinenero Chingelezi, mosiyana ndi akatswiri Asilavo, chidwi zochepa linaperekedwa kwa mayunitsi phraseological, ndi M'sitolo m'chilankhulo ukupereka Chirasha, Chiyukireniya kapena Polish.

Nkhani yaikulu pa phunziro limene moganizira chilango chimenechi ndi okuluwika kapena idiomatic mawu. Ndi chiyani icho? kuphatikiza mawu angapo, amene ali m'khola kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe (osati wasenza mwatsopano nthawi iliyonse ndi ntchito kale anamaliza mawonekedwe). Pachifukwa ichi, pamene parsing okuluwika, kaya mtundu wake ndi kutalika kwa mawu ake constituent, nthawi zonse chimaoneka chiweruzo limodzi.

Ikani mawu aliyense chinenero ndi chinthu wapadera, zokhudzana ndi mbiri yake ndi chikhalidwe. Izo sizingakhoze kwathunthu anasamutsidwa popanda kutaya tanthauzo lake. Choncho, kusinthika nthawi zambiri anasankhidwa ndi Zining'a ofanana phindu, kulibe mu chinenero china.

Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka English phraseological kuphatikiza: "Khalani zala zanu pa zimachitika", lomwe limatanthauza "kusunga zala zathu pa zimachitika," koma n'zomveka kuti "kuyenda zachitika." Komabe, popeza palibe mnzake kwathunthu Russian, izo zatha ndi ofanana kwambiri "kumva kugunda".

Nthawi zina, chifukwa cha kuyandikana kwa mayiko, zinenero zawo pali ankasinthana ofanana a mawu, kenako mavuto ndi kumasulira pamenepo. Choncho, Russian akuti "twiddle" (chisokonezo padziko) ali mchimwene wake mu chinenero Chiyukireniya - "byty baydyky".

Nthawi zambiri mawu monga kubwera pa nthawi yomweyo mu zinenero angapo chifukwa cha zinthu zina zofunika, monga ngati zachikunja. Ngakhale wachokera ku zipembedzo zosiyana wachikristu, Chiyukireniya, French, Spanish, German, Slovak, Russian ndi Polish wamba okuluwika "Alefa ndi Omega" ndi ochokera m'Baibulo ndipo amatanthauza "kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto" (mokwanira, bwinobwino).

Mitundu ya amaika mawu

Pa nkhani ya gulu la phraseology akadali-akatswiri a zinenero ndiribe kubwera maganizo limodzi. Ena udindo zina iwo miyambi ( "Popanda dzuwa inu simungakhoze kukhala, sangakhale popanda lokoma") ndi mawu ( "Mulungu sudzapereka - nkhumba kudya") ndi clichés zinenero ( "wachangu thandizo", "ntchito chilengedwe"). Koma pamene iwo ali ochepa.

Pa nthawi, wotchuka kwambiri mu zinenero East Asilavo amakonda gulu zilankhulo Viktor Vinogradov, omwe amafalitsidwa mawu onse anakhala pa magulu zitatu izi:

• Phraseological msoko.
• Phraseological umodzi.
• ma Phraseological zace.

A zambiri akatswiri a zinenero ikukhudzana maphatikizidwe ndi mgwirizano ndi mawu akuti "okuluwika" (by njira, mawu cognate ndi nauni "chitsiru"), chimene chiri mochitika lofanana kwa nauni "okuluwika". Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi zina jambulani kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi zovuta. Dzina limeneli M'pofunikanso kukumbukira, ngati mu English phraseological msoko, kugwirizana Yonseyi anasamutsidwa ndi thandizo ake - Zining'a.

Funso la mawu idiomatic

Mnzake Vinogradova Nikolay Shan anaumirira kuli mitundu wachinayi - mawu. Ndipotu nawo ma phraseological Vinogradov m'magulu awiri: osakaniza lenileni ndi Mawu.

Ngakhale gulu la Shan ndipo kumayambitsa chisokonezo mchitidwe kufalitsa amaika mawu, koma limakupatsani kwambiri kuganizira chodabwitsa zinenero.

ndi kusiyana phraseological msoko, phraseological umodzi, phraseological ma Kodi

Choyamba, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti mayunitsi wangwiro anawagawa mitundu mlingo lexical za ufulu wa zigawo zawo.

Turnovers wogwirizana mwamtheradi, amene tanthauzo si zogwirizana ndi mtengo wa zigawo zawo, iwo akhala phraseological msoko. Mwachitsanzo: "mukhale fritters" (kutsogolera kukambirana mopusa), kuvala mtima pa malaya munthu (kukhala moona amatanthauza "kuvala mtima pa malaya ake"). Mwa njira, kwa adhesions zithunzi khalidwe, nthaŵi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawu otchuka, makamaka chakale kapena mawu a mabuku akale.

umodzi Phraseological ndi zinthu pawokha view, poyerekezera ndi zigawo zake. Mosiyana adhesions, manenedwe awo chifukwa mtengo wa m'nyanjazi awo. Pachifukwa ichi, zimenezi zimaphatikizapo puns. Mwachitsanzo: "waung'ono koma mwangwiro anapanga" (Munthu akachita bwino, ngakhale deta lake chidwi kunja) ndi Chiyukireniya okuluwika: "katyuzі pa zasluzі" (watilakwira analandira chilango choyenera cha tchimo lake). Mwa njira, zitsanzo ziwiri Mwachitsanzo mbali yapadera unities: rhymed consonance. Mwina ndiye chifukwa chake Viktor Vinogradov anayesedwa iwo miyambi, ndi mawu, ngakhale a phraseology akadali kutsutsana ndi akatswiri a zinenero zambiri.

Mtundu wachitatu: kupezeka kwa mawu collocations. Iwo ali ndithu zimasiyana kwambiri ndi ziwiri pamwamba. chakuti mtengo wa zigawo zawo likukhudza tanthauzo la zolowa okwana. Mwachitsanzo: "kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa", "kwezani nkhani".

ma Phraseological mu Chirasha (monga English Chiyukireniya ndi) ndi chuma chapadera: zigawo awo akhoza m'malo popanda imfa ya tanthauzo n'chimodzimodzi ndi "kukhumudwitsa ulemu" - "kupweteka kunyada", "kapezi mabelu" - "kukaliza". Chitsanzo cha chinenero cha onyada British - okuluwika kusonyeza mano (kusonyeza mano), sipangakhalenso kusinthidwa kwa munthu aliyense: kusonyeza wanga (anu, wake, iye wathu) mano.

mawu Phraseological pamodzi: mbali chosiyana

Gawo Victor Vinogradova, mmene zikuchokera ndi allocated chimodzi chokha mawunikidwe mawonekedwe (osakaniza mawu) pang'onopang'ono wodzilemekeza Nikolaem Shanskim. Kusiyanitsa Zining'a ndi kuphatikiza wosavuta (chifukwa kusiyana awo mu dongosolo la). Koma latsopano pachikhalidwe cha Shan - akuti ( "kuopa mimbulu - mu nkhalango asapite"), zinali zovuta kusiyanitsa ku kuphatikiza ndi.

Koma ngati kumvetsa funso, mungathe kuona kusiyana, ozikidwa pa mtengo wa ma phraseological. Motero mawu akuti zigwirizana mawu opanda, kwathunthu titatenga manenedwe palokha ( "onse si golide - kuti glitters"). Komabe, kwa mau mwachizolowezi ndi ziganizo, iwo amasiyana kuti iwo ndi mawu wolimba kuti musakhale komponiruyutsya kwa watsopano ndi ntchito mu mawonekedwe yomalizidwa monga Chinsinsi ndi, "horseradish radish si lokoma" (Ukraine buku la "hrіn radish si solodshy").

ma Phraseological ( "Tiyeni mutu kudula" - "kupereka dzanja kudula") nthawi zonse mu dongosolo la mawu ochepa mtengo unmotivated, pamene zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za mawu semantically kwathunthu palokha ( "Man - izo zikumveka bwino"). Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mbali ya iwo amapanga ena akatswiri a zinenero kukayikira mawu a mawu akonzedwa.

Amene kuphatikiza mawu si mawu idiomatic

Okuluwika, ndi lexical amazionera, ndi chodabwitsa lapadera: pa dzanja limodzi, ali ndi zizindikiro zonse za mawu, koma katundu wambiri ofanana ndi mawu. Podziwa zinthu izi, inu mosavuta kuphunzira kusiyanitsa khola phraseological osakaniza, kugwirizana maphatikizidwe kapena mawu ochokera mau mwachizolowezi.

• Okuluwika, komanso mawu zigwirizana zizindikiro zingapo inakula, koma ambiri tanthauzo lake sangathe kupitirira Uwerenge mfundo zawo zikuluzikulu. Mwachitsanzo :. "Ataya mutu wanu" (kusiya kuganiza bwino) ndi "kutaya kachikwama" Mawu amene amapanga okuluwika, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mophiphiritsa.
• Pamene ntchito mawu ndi kulemba zikuchokera anapanga mawu nthawi iliyonse mwatsopano. Koma umodzi ndi maphatikizidwe mowirikiza chinaonekeranso mwa mawonekedwe chomaliza (kuti zimagwirizana pamodzi ndi clichés kulankhula). Phraseological kuphatikiza mawu ounika phraseological zina kusokoneza pankhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo: ". Kuchepetsa mutu wake" "lende" (kukhumudwitsa) ngakhale phraseology, koma zigawo zake amatha momasuka kuwonekera mawu ochiritsira "popachika chikhoto" ndipo
• Idiomatic (chifukwa umphumphu wa mfundo zigawo zake) nthawi zambiri mosavuta m'malo ndi ofanana matanthauzo, inu simungakhoze kuchita ndi mawu. Mwachitsanzo: mawu akuti "mtumiki wa Melpomene," zikhoza kusinthidwa kuti mawu osavuta "Mmisiri" kapena "wosewera".
• Okuluwika sangachite zinthu monga maina. Mwachitsanzo, hydronym "Dead Sea" ndi phraseological kuphatikiza "kuchokera nyengo" (nyengo osatchuka), "atagona kulemera akufa" (kugona katundu makuponi).

Gawo mayunitsi phraseological choyambiriracho

Poganizira funso za chiyambi cha ma phraseological, mawu ogwirizana ndiponso splices iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo.

• Ma amene abwera ku mawu a anthu, "kufika pa mapazi ake", "opanda mfumu mutu wake" (opusa), "palibe, sabata" (kakafupi akuti).
• Professional Pad, amene pang'onopang'ono inasanduka phraseologisms :. "Black ndi woyera", "kuthira madzi mphero", "pa malo mathamangidwe"
• Amene akhala mawu wodziwika bwino wa kanjedza wotchuka m'mbiri kapena zilembo zolembalemba, zilembo filimu: "Chinthu chachikulu kuti zigwirizane ndi Amunafikina" ( "mfiti"), "mosamalitsa, anyamata" (M. Zhvanetskiy), ndili ndi maloto (Martin Luther King).
• Khola ma phraseological anaitenga ku zinenero zina, nthawi zina popanda yomasulira. Mwachitsanzo: o tempora, inu mores (nthawi, pa makhalidwe), likawomba wotheratu (GWIRITSANI tsiku), tempus vulnera sanat (nthawi mudzaiwala).
• Quotes m'Baibulo: "mikanda kuponya" (kusimba / kusonyeza chinachake osayamika omvera / amaonetsa), "kudikira mpaka kubweranso kwachiwiri" (kudikirira chinthu kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo mwina analikodi), "Mwana wolowelera", "mana kuchokera kumwamba".
• Mfundo zochokera mabuku: "Apple kusagwirizana" (a maganizo osiyanasiyana pa nkhani), "Greek mphatso" (zoipa chinaperekedwa ku matchalitchi amene amati ndi zabwino), "kuyang'ana mwa Medusa" (zimene umatipanga chisanu ngati mwala).

classifications Other: Baibulo Petra Dudika

• Komanso Vinogradov ndi Shan, ndi akatswiri a zinenero zina ayesetsa kugawanitsa Zining'a, kutsata mfundo zawo. Choncho, zilankhulo kuzindikiridwa Dudik osati zinayi, koma mitundu isanu mayunitsi phraseological:
• Semantically indivisible okuluwika "kukhala aafupi mwendo" (pafupi ndi munthu kudziwa).
• Phraseology mgwirizano ndi manenedwe looser mbali constituent a "sopo khosi" (kulanga munthu).
• mawu Phraseological lopangidwa kwathunthu mawu odziimira paokha, phindu okwana zomwe n'zosatheka kusankha lofanana. Izi Dudik makamaka akusimba mawu ndi miyambi: "GUS nkhumba si bwenzi."
• Phraseological ma - ma zochokera tanthauzo zophiphiritsira chabe wa "buluu magazi", "Hawkeye".
• Phraseological mawu. Yodziwika ndi kusagwirizanako zigawo zikuluzikulu zophiphiritsira chabe ndi syntactic: ". Munthu kufufuma chachikulu"

Gawo Igorya Melchuka

Kupatula onse gulu pamwamba ayenera Mel'chukov mayunitsi phraseological. Malinga ndi allocated mitundu zambiri, omwe amafalitsidwa m'magulu anayi.

• Digiri zonse nthawi, polufrazema, kvazifrazema.
• Ntchito ya zinthu wanzeru mu mapangidwe phraseologism: zamalankhulidwe ndi pragmatemy.
• Amene wagawo zinenero zikuphatikizapo: chizindikiro, mawu akuti, malembedwe frazema.
• zinenero chizindikiro chigawo chimapirira frazeologizatsiyu: syntactics lowani, signifier nalosa.

Gawo Boris Larin

zilankhulo izi anagawira ma khola mawu pa siteji ya kusanduka awo, kuyambira wamba a mau a phraseology:

• ma variable (osakaniza analogue ndi mawu idiomatic): "veleveti nyengo".
• Anthu amene anafera ena tanthauzo lake lalikulu, koma sadatha kupeza mafanizo ndi stereotype: ". Kusunga mwala pa chifuwa chake"
• Zining'a, kwathunthu wopanda ufulu zamalankhulidwe zigawo zikuluzikulu awo, ndipo anasiya kulankhulana ndi tanthauzo awo oyambirira lexical ndi kalembedwe udindo (analogi adhesions phraseological ndi mgwirizano), "m'dzanja la" (zoipa).

Zitsanzo Common wa ma phraseological

Mmunsimu muli ochepa amamudziwa ma khola.

• "Khalani omasuka," (wovuta).
• "Nkhawa maso" (manyazi).
• "Kugonjetsa" (kumenya munthu).
• "Yaminga nkhani" (vuto kuti amafuna mosamala kuganizira).

Ngakhale English Zining'a Vinogradov gulu ndi Shan sizikhudza Komabe, mukhoza kusankha mau akonzedwa kuti akhoza wachinsinsi monga kuphatikiza mawu.
zitsanzo:

• Mzanga wapachifuwa - chifuwa bwanawe (mzanga wapachifuwa - ndi mzanga wapachifuwa).
• A ntchito Sisyfean (Sisyphean).
• A nkhondo anamanga - nkhondo aukali (aukali nkhondo - nkhondo oopsa).

Phrasebook

The ambiri mayunitsi phraseological classifications chifukwa chakuti palibe mmodzi wa iwo sapereka ndi chitsimikizo mtheradi palibe kulakwitsa. Choncho ndi ofunika kudziwa zimene Dictionary mungapeze lingaliro, ngati simungathe molondola kudziwa mtundu phraseologism. otanthauzira onse a mtundu anawagawa Monolingual ndi zinenero. Pansipa ife anamasulira mabuku wotchuka kwambiri a mtundu umenewu, limene mungapeze zitsanzo za mawu mapulani ambiri mu chinenero cha Chirasha.

• Monolingual: "Maphunziro phrasebook" E. Bystrova; "Kutentha mneni - Dictionary wowerengeka phraseology" V. Kuzmich; "Phraseological dikishonale ya Russian Language" Fedoseev; "Phraseological dikishonale ya Russian chinenero zolembalemba" I. Fedoseyev ndi "Big bwino-phrasebook" M. Michelson.
• Zinenero: "Chingelezi Russian phrasebook" (zikwi makumi awiri amaika mawu) A. Kunin, "Great Chipolishi Russian, Chirasha Polish phrasebook" Yu Lukshina ndi Zongotigwera House Russian-English Dictionary wa Zining'a Sofia Lubensk.

Mwina amadziwa kuti nthawi zina zovuta yomweyo kusiyanitsa mitundu uli ndi mawu okuluwika makamaka mutu zingaoneke amazipanga zovuta. Komabe, si choncho mdierekezi pamene iye utoto. Njira yaikulu luso kupeza kuphatikiza lamanja la mawu phraseological mayunitsi phraseological mwa ena - azichita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Ndipo pa nkhani ya zilankhulo - kuphunzira chiyambi cha mawu amenewa ndi kuloweza iwo. Zimenezi zimathandiza kupeza zinthu zovuta m'tsogolo, koma ndidzalizindikiritsa wokongola kwambiri ndi zosangalatsa.