Aleksandro Solzhenitsyn, Mphoto ya Nobel: ntchito yani ndipo inali liti?

Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn ndi mtsogoleri wa Nobel, wolemba mabuku wa ku Russia komanso wolembapo aliyense. Dzina lake limagwirizanitsidwa ndi mbadwa za mabuku a dziko lapansi, iye amadziwika ndi nkhanza komanso ziweruzo zapadera pazinthu zonse zomwe zinachitika m'dzikolo nthawi ya moyo wake. Solzhenitsyn akanakhoza kulankhula ndi mawu ofikirika ndi okonda dziko chifukwa cha mamilioni, adalimbikitsa malingaliro a dziko, amalimbikitsa chilungamo ndi zabwino.

Solzhenitsyn: mbiri ya chiyambi

"Chokwera pakati pa anthu, ndi chonyansa pamaso pa Mulungu!" - sikutheka kukana mkulu wa mabuku a Russian masiku ano. Moyo wolemetsa wa Alexander Isayevich umatsimikizira momveka bwino kuti amazindikira za choonadi chosavuta cha umunthu. Anakhala wofalitsa mu 1918 kumpoto kwa Caucasus, banja la anthu ochokera kudziko la Kuban. Makolo a Solzhenitsyn anali anzeru, ophunzitsidwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba ndi sayansi yeniyeni. Bambo Alexander Isaevich anaphedwa kutsogolo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yadziko lonse, ndipo sanawone mbeu yake. Amayi a mlembi, Taisiya Zakharovna, amene anagwira ntchito ngati wojambula pambuyo pa imfa ya mwamuna wake, anayenera kupita ndi Sasha ku Rostov-on-Don. Pano panalinso zaka zaunyamata za wolemba wamkulu.

Chikondi cha mabuku chimachokera kuunyamata

Zikuwoneka kuti tsogolo la Alexander Isaevich linakonzedweratu ku benchi ya sukulu. N'zoona kuti aphunzitsi omwe adakondwera ndi luso labwino la mwanayo sakanatha kuganiza kuti Solzhenitsyn adzalandira Mphoto ya Nobel chifukwa cha "mphamvu zamakhalidwe zomwe amatsatira miyambo yosasinthika ya mabuku a Russian" - ndi momwe dzina lovomerezeka likuyimira. Koma, ngakhale kuti mnyamatayu ankafuna kulembera kulemba, amasiyana kwambiri ndi ophunzira ake ngakhale atapita kusukulu.

Ataphunzira bwino ku yunivesite ya Rostov pa fizmat, mlembi wamkulu m'tsogolomu adatengedwa ngati mphunzitsi wa sukulu. Moyo wa wochita masewerowa unali kuyenda mwa njira yoyezera: kuphatikiza ntchito ndikupitiriza kuphunzira ku absentia (Faculty of Philosophy ku Moscow), iye anapereka nthawi yake yopatula ku nkhani, zolemba ndi ndakatulo. Kusintha kunachitikanso m'moyo wake: Alexander Isaevich anakwatira wophunzira Natalia Reshetovskaya, wokonda mabuku ndi nyimbo. Kumapeto kwa 1941, wolembayo anaitanidwira ku msonkhano. Atatha zaka zingapo akuphunzira sukulu ya usilikali, Solzhenitsyn anapita kutsogolo, kumene adatha kupeza mndandanda waufulu wa ntchito yophunzitsa.

Chiyambi chakumenyana ndi ulamuliro wandale

Solzhenitsyn adalandira mphoto ya Nobel sizowonjezera luso la ochita masewerawa kapena kuthekera kwake kuti apange mizere yolondola, koma makamaka chifukwa cha khama lolimbikira ndi lopitiliza kukanika kwa Soviet. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, yemwe anali mkulu wa asilikali, anamangidwa chifukwa cholemberana makalata ndi mnzake yemwe ankatsutsidwa ndi Comrade Stalin.
Kuyesera kwa wolembayo kuti awononge ulamuliro wa olamulira kunawononga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zamisasa. Chodabwitsa chidzakondweretsa munthu: ali m'ndende, sadasiye lingaliro loti alankhule dziko lonse za zilakolako za ulamuliro wa Stalin.

Kukula kwa Solzhenitsyn: kuyambira 1957 mpaka 1964

M'chaka cha 1957, ndende yandale inakonzedwanso. Mosakayikira Solzhenitsyn sankaganiza za Nobel Prize panthawiyo, koma sakanakhala chete ponena za zochitika zapitazo. Nthawi ya "thasu" ya Khrushchev inakhala imodzi yabwino kwambiri pa ntchito ya wolemba. Pomwepo utsogoleri wa USSR sikuti unangolepheretsa kufotokozedwa kwa ndale ya chigamulo chake, koma analola kuti nkhaniyi ikhale "Tsiku limodzi la Ivan Denisovich". Ntchitoyi, yomwe inalembedwa mosavuta kwa anthu onse, inachititsa kuti ziphuphu zenizeni zichitike: zinkachitika tsiku lina wamndende. Kufalitsa nkhaniyi kunayamba ku Ulaya, otsutsa onse anayamikira kwambiri ntchitoyo, yomwe inamuloleza kuti asayime ndi kutumiza kufalitsidwe kwa nkhani zotsatila.

Kuletsa ntchito za Solzhenitsyn ku USSR

Kusintha kwa utsogoleri wotsogolera boma pakati pa zaka za 1970 kunayambanso m'manja mwa Solzhenitsyn. Mphoto ya Nobel isanafike, wolembayo anali kuyesa kupereka mphoto ya dziko - Lenin Prize. Komabe, kuvomereza kwake pamsonkhano wa komiti yachinsinsi kunaletsedwa. Mwa njirayi, izi sizikanakhoza kukhudza kutchuka kwa wolemba: Solzhenitsyn awerengera kalasi yonse ya Soviet intelligentsia. Zinali zosatheka kugula mabuku m'mabuku, koma ntchito zenizeni zinkayenda mozungulira, ndikukhala ndi owerenga osapitirira masiku atatu. Nkhani zina zidasindikizidwa popanda chivundikiro, monga bulosha - zinali zosavuta ndipo zimaloledwa kubisala zojambula za wotsekedwa wotsekedwa ngati pakufunikira.

Kutsutsana kwa ndale motsutsana ndi wolemba

Mu 1965, akuluakulu aboma anayamba kulepheretsa kwambiri ntchito ya wolemba. Kuchotsedwa kwa mipukutu, mabuku olembedwa m'mabuku, zoletsedwa powerenga masana ndi wolemba masewera komanso kutuluka kwa buku la "The Cancer Corps", lomwe limatanthawuza "kusokoneza choonadi" ndipo linadziwika ngati anti-Soviet ndipo potsirizira pake linaletsedwa ku Writers 'Union of the USSR - zoterozo zinalepheretsa ntchito yalemba, Koma sizinatheke kulemba mabuku a m'mayiko akunja. Zonse zomwe sizinasindikizidwe kunyumba, zinapita kunja. Zoona, mlembi mwiniyo sanavomereze kutero, pozindikira kukula kwa udindo.

Kulandira Mphoto ya Nobel: Mphoto popanda wopatsa

Pamene Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn analandira Nobel Prize, Soviet TV inayesa kubisala anthu nkhani za mphoto ya "bourgeois" kwa nzika yake. Kulimba mtima kwa mlembi wa ntchito zomwe choonadi cha moyo chadutsa pa chikhalidwe cha "chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu" chiyenera kulemekezedwa kwenikweni. Ndipotu, kulimbitsa mtima ndi kulimba mtima pochirikiza chigamulo cha boma ndi Solzhenitsyn amene analandiridwa chifukwa cha Nobel Prize. Koma, m'malo mwa mwambo wapadera ku Stockholm, komwe Alexander Isaevich anaitanidwa, mwambowu unakondweretsedwa ndi gulu la anthu omwe anali pafupi naye, kulengeza kuchokera ku Sweden kunamvedwa pa wailesi pa dacha la mzanga komanso wolemba nyimbo Mstislav Rostropovich. Tiyenera kuzindikira mfundo imodzi yokondweretsa za Nobel Mphoto ya ntchito za Solzhenitsyn: Wolembayo wakhala wolemba mbiri yake, popeza zaka 8 zatha kuchokera pomwe nkhani yoyamba idalembedwa - m'mbiri yokhutiritsa izi ndizowonjezera kutchuka kwa dziko lonse lapansi.

Poopa kuti akapita kudziko lina, akuluakulu a boma akanafuna kubwerera kwa iye, iye amakhala kunyumba. Mphoto yapadera ya Nobel Mphoto kwa Solzhenitsyn inachitika mu 1974, zaka zinayi pambuyo pa mwambowu.

Zovuta za wolemba pambuyo pa mphoto ya Nobel

Atangomaliza kulengeza za woimba masewerawa chifukwa chogonjetsa mphoto yapamwamba ya dziko lapansi, adayambanso kulandira mphoto mofulumira. Kwa zaka zingapo zikubwera kunyumba, mabuku onse a wolemba adawonongedwa, ndipo buku la Paris la Gulag Archipelago linakwiyitsa oimira atsogoleri a chikominisi.

Mkazi wamasiye wa Natalia Dmitrievna, akutsimikiza kuti kuchokera ku ukapolo ndi nthawi ya ndende, Solzhenitsyn anapulumutsidwa ndi Nobel Prize mu Literature. Mphotoyo inapulumutsa wolembayo ufulu osati moyo, koma anapatsanso mpata wopanga ngakhale kuti boma la Soviet linkayikira. Alexander Solzhenitsyn atalandira mphoto ya Nobel, olamulira oipa a Soviet Union tsopano analibe kukayikira: kupitirizabe kwa "agitator" ndi "propagandist anti-Soviet maganizo" m'dzikoli kungangowonjezera malo ake.

Kuthamangitsidwa pobwezera choonadi: zaka 16 ku ukapolo

Pasanapite nthawi Andropov, yemwe anali pulezidenti wa KGB, ndi Purezidenti General Rudenko anakonza zoti pulezidenti athamangitsidwe m'dzikoli. Chisankho chomaliza cha akuluakulu a boma sichinali kubwera: Mu 1974, ndi lamulo la Supreme Soviet la USSR, "Solzhenitsyn adachotsedwa kukhala nzika zake ndipo anatengedwa kupita ku Germany kuti achite zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kukhala nzika za USSR ndi kuwononga USSR".

Ndi lamulo la pulezidenti wa 1990, kukhala nzika ya wochita masewerawa ndi banja lake kubwezeretsedwa. Kuwonjezera apo, m'dzinja la chaka chomwechi dziko lonse linakumbukiranso Nobel Mphoto ya Solzhenitsyn. Lofalitsidwa mu "Komsomolskaya Pravda" nkhani yake yokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha capitalist ku Russia inalandiridwa bwino ndi anthu. Patapita miyezi ingapo, Solzhenitsyn anapatsidwa mphoto ya boma ya GULAG Archipelago, yomwe inafalitsidwa ku France mu 1973. Posakhalitsa ntchito zonse zofalitsidwa kunja kwa Russia zinasindikizidwa kudziko la wolemba, ndipo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 90, pamodzi ndi mkazi wake ndi ana ake, anabwerera kwawo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito zapagulu.

Solzhenitsyn Akubwerera ku Ntchito Zakale m'ma 1990

Mwini mphoto ya Nobel, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, adasankha anthu a ku Russia kuti adziwe mphamvu ya demokalase, wothandizira kumanga boma latsopano, loletsa chikominisi. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti mlembiyo adalandira zotsutsana zosiyanasiyana, kuti athandize mtsogoleri.

Pakalipano, zolankhula za Solzhenitsyn zowonetsa poyera zowonongeka kwa malingaliro ake akale mdziko. Kukhala woimira wamoyo wa nthawi yosiyana, zolemba zapamtundu wa zofalitsa za dziko komanso panthawi imodzimodzi wotsutsa boma la anti-Stalinist, Alexander Isaevich anapereka maganizo omwe anachokeratu kuchoka ku zenizeni za nthawi yathu, akutsalira tsamba loopsya la mbiri yakale ku Russia.

Kudzudzula ntchito yomalizira ya Nobel laureate

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kusiyana pakati pa ntchito ya Solzhenitsyn ndi pakali pano, malinga ndi otsutsa, ndilo buku lakuti "zaka mazana awiri palimodzi". Ntchitoyi inasindikizidwa mu 2001. Koma zotsatira za zaka khumi za ntchito yolemetsa ndi wolemba zinangodabwitsa oimira masayansi ndi mbiriyakale. Cholinga cha wolemba - mbiri ya anthu achiyuda ku Russia - inachititsa chidwi. Ntchitoyi inachititsa kuti anthu otsutsa azingokhala ndi mantha komanso chifukwa cha mkwiyo - chifukwa chiyani Solzhenitsyn akukambitsanso nkhani yovuta pakati pa anthu awiriwa?

Maganizo okhudza ntchito ya Solzhenitsyn anagawidwa, ndiye chifukwa chake anthu ena amaona kuti ntchitoyi ndi luso lodziwika bwino, lingaliro lenileni la lingaliro la dziko la Russia, pamene ena adawonetsa zovuta zogwirizana ndi ntchito ya wolembayo, kunena kuti wolembayo amatamanda Ayuda, koma ayenera kulemba za iwo mwakhama. Winawake anaganiziranso ntchitoyi kuchokera m'nkhani zochepa zotsutsana ndi zachi Semiti. Solzhenitsyn mwiniwakeyo anatsindika mobwerezabwereza zapamwamba zowona komanso zosasamala za mutu wowala.

Kufotokozera mwachidule: kufunika kwa ntchito ya Solzhenitsyn m'mabuku a dziko lapansi

Kuweruza njira ya wolembayo, ndiyambiri molawirira kuti ayang'ane mbali zabwino ndi zolakwika za bukhu lake - bukhulo silinathe. Koma, pakuweruza ndi chirichonse, kufunika kwa mutu wa ntchitoyi kudzachititsa zokambirana ndi zokambirana zoposa imodzi.

Kwa Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize sanakhale woyenera pa moyo wonse. Wolembayo anatenga malo oyenera m'mbiri ya mabuku a Russian ndi a padziko lapansi, akulimbikitsa anthu kuti adziwe momwe zinthu zilili m'dzikoli, ndikuchita nawo ntchito zachinyengo komanso ntchito za anthu. Ntchito zambiri za wolembazi zinapangidwa m'mipukutu yambirimbiri ku Russia komanso kunja. "Gulag Archipelago", "M'mbuyomu Yoyamba", "Cancer Corps" ndi ntchito zina zambiri zinakhala zowonetseratu za dziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zinayesedwa kwambiri.

Kumbukirani, simungakhoze kuiwala!

Wolemba wamkulu uja adapita mu August 2008. Chifukwa cha imfa ya Solzhenitsyn wazaka 89 anali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima. Patsiku lake loperewera kwa woimba masewero, D. Medvedev anapereka chigamulo, kutanthauza kupitiriza kukumbukira anthu onse komanso wolemba. Malingana ndi chigamulo cha pulezidenti, maphunziro a Solzhenitsyn omwe adapangidwira kuti aphunzire ophunzira a yunivesite ya Russian, imodzi mwa misewu yayikuru yomwe tsopano imatchedwanso dzina lakuti Alexander Isayevich, ndi Rostov-on-Don ndi Kislovodsk pali zipilala ndi zikumbutso.

Masiku ano, zina mwa ntchito za Solzhenitsyn zikuphatikizidwa pazomwe zili zovomerezeka za pulogalamu ya maphunziro onse pa mabuku a Russian. Ana a sukulu amawerenga nkhaniyi "Tsiku limodzi la Ivan Denisovich", nkhani "Matrenin Dvor", nkhani ya wolembayo imaphunziridwa mu maphunziro a mbiriyakale, ndipo kuyambira 2009 mndandanda wa zojambula zovomerezeka kuwerengedwera waphatikizidwa ndi "Gulag Archipelago". Zoona, ana a sukulu amawerenga buku losavomerezeka la buku - mwa kudula ntchitoyi kangapo, mkazi wamasiye wa Solzhenitsyn adasungiramo zolemba zake ndipo adakonzekera kuti adzifalitse.