French Art: makhalidwe ambiri, mbiri

Mbiri ya luso French chimakwirira nthawi yaikulu mbiri kuyambira kale mpaka nthawi yathu.

France - yodabwitsa dziko, ndilo khalidwe la chinsinsi ndi kudziŵa, kukongola ndi kudziŵa, okwera ndipo ukulakalaka wapadera zonse zokongola. Ndipo mbiri ya mapangidwe lapadera, lomwe wakhala miyeso yolinganizira wa zosiyanasiyana ndi wapadera luso chimodzimodzi zodabwitsa kuposa boma lokha.

ANAKULIRA kupanga Wachifulanki ufumu

Kumvetsa mbali ya zikamera ndi kukula kwa French luso, m'pofunika kupanga MPATUKO mu mbiri zambiri wakale nthawi, pamene dera la lamakono French anali mbali ya Ufumu wa Roma. The IV m'ma anayamba yogwira kayendedwe wakunja mafuko a Rhine kwa malire a Ufumu. kuukira ndi incursions nthawi m'mayiko Aroma poyera kuti akuwonongeni kwambiri kuchichepetsa boma latini. Ndipo mu 395 Ufumu wa Roma wokha unagawidwa pakati pa ana a Mfumu panopa pawiri: Theodosius analamula olemera kum'mawa mbali ya malire ace mwana wamkulu wa Arkady ndi kumadzulo anapatsa mwana wamng'ono - Honorius. Gulu la Roma pa mbali wofooka kale osalimba boma la Roma ndi kulipanga kukhala osatetezeka kwa adani awo.

Dera la France makono gawo la kale la kumadzulo kwa Ufumu wa Roma. A nkhonya amphamvu mu asilikali chaka 410 chinaperekedwa Rome Visigoths, amene walunjika Allar. Otsiriza Roma boma ofooka anabisala Ravenna, kusiya Rome wosatha. Kumeneko iye anapeza asilikali ndi Odoacer - mmodzi wa atsogoleri kutsogolera Visigoth fuko. Ndi pa chochitika ichi chimene chinachitika mu 476, ndi kulumikiza kugwa yomaliza ya Roma. Mayiko anachira mu inayamba Wamkulu Ataliatali anayamba kuoneka boma woipitsitsawu. Mu V m'ma m'madera a Gau anatuluka ndi franc boma.

Wachifulanki boma ndi chitukuko cha French luso

Afulanki - gulu la mafuko akale, anakakhala pa magombe a Rhine ku malire ake m'munsi, ndi gombe la nyanja ya Baltic. Anayambitsa woyamba Wachifulanki ufumu Europe anali mtsogoleri wamng'ono wa Afulanki Hlodvig Meroving, amene anagonjetsa asilikali a kazembe wa Roma ku Gau pa Nkhondo ya Soissons ndipo anamugwira Kumvetsela ku gawo. madera atsopano atabwerera anzake - franc, kuwapatsa ziwembu za dziko unachitika angapo kusintha boma mu ulamuliro wa anthu ndi dera milandu malamulo, mu enacting wapadera chikalata - "Salic lamulo", zochokera fuko generic kuti Salian Afulanki. Komanso mwapadera linaperekedwa kwa kusankha Clovis chikhulupiriro. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity osati kulimbikitsa boma latsopano, koma nawonso anakopeka mapangidwe luso achifulanki.

Pambuyo Merovingian mafumu anakhala aulesi kulamulira zochitika za moyo mu ufumu anakhala koposa kwambiri. Kudziwa analanda dziko achifumu. Asangalala kulekerera pa kayendetsedwe ka ziwembu zawo za otchuka ndi anthu wamba. Kuwonjezeka impoverishment wa anthu. Mu likuoneka VIII zaka kuopseza kunja kwa mafuko woyendayendawu Arab. Mphamvu mu manja awo anatenga Ngopambana wa otsiriza Merovingian mfumu Karl Martell. Iye anagwiritsitsa nambala ya kusintha, amene kunathandiza kulimbitsa boma kuti akunde Aluya. Ndipo mwana Karla Martella, Pippin Short anasankhidwa kukhala gulu la watsopano franc mfumu otchuka. kusankha iri linatsimikizidwa ndi papa. A woyamba Wachifulanki mfumu mwana Pippin Short Carl, kumbuyo amene dzina Wamkulu mu mbiri. Kuti Charles Wachifulanki Ufumu alitcha siteji wapadera wa maluwa chikhalidwe ndi luso, ndilo lotchedwa Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Luso "pachiyambi" Afulanki

Tikamvetsa peculiarities wa chilengedwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma Wachifulanki, zimaonekeratu, ndi tsogolo la cholowa chikhalidwe ili nthawi wakale wa madera achifulanki. Izi tiona chitukuko cha chitukuko wakale: milatho zogona ndi kachisi zomangamanga, zosemasema, mabuku, zisudzo, ndi Tirhana na Timatheriyali. Komabe, atsogoleri Mkhristu sankaona kofunika kusunga chuma izi chikhalidwe chawo koma kuti ntchito gawo la iwo amene angathe kusinthidwa kuti kupembedza kwa chipembedzo ndi munthu mu moyo msewu. Choncho, kupembedza m'matchalitchi Mkhristu unachitikira Latin, mu chinenero chimodzi, ndipo mabuku achipembedzo zinalembedwa.

Gwiritsani amapeza mapulani a masiku amakedzana kuyamba kumanga mipingo ndi mchitidwe umenewu, ntchito ya sayansi ya zakuthambo anathandiza kalendala mpingo kuwerengera tsiku, lomwe Ages Middle ananena moyo wa ufumu wonse. Afulanki komanso mogwirizana awo ndi Maphunziro a malemu Roma. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nkhani zovuta, anaphunzira ku sukulu Wachifulanki, wotchedwa "Zisanu Osaumira Tirhana". Zimene luso mu funso? Mu trivium otchedwa nakhala ndi sayansi mawu: galamala, apamwamba ndi dialectic. The quadrivium m'gulu la sayansi ya manambala: masamu, Masamu, music, intervals nyimbo monga kompyuta ndi zakuthambo.

Mu Tirhana na Timatheriyali mwambo anapambana ntchito zachilendo amene anali yodziwika ndi ntchito monga cholinga chachikulu cha zomera ndi nyama zokongoletsa ndi zithunzi za mizukwa kapena zolengedwa kuti kulibe kwenikweni, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi maonekedwe m'malo mantha. Mtundu wa luso ndi otchedwa Terratological kapena yaikulu.

Art ndi Culture wa chitsitsimutso Carolingian

Mu ulamuliro wa Karla Velikogo kuti amakhala ndi kukwera kosayerekezeka chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chimodzi ndi umunthu wa mfumu - bwino ophunzira ndi otukuka mwapamwamba munthu. Iye anayankhula momasuka ndiponso kuwerenga Latin, anadziwa Greek, amakonda zachipembedzo komanso nzeru. Mmodzi wa wapadera nyumba kamangidwe ka nthawi imeneyi zinali zodabwitsa mu ulemerero wake mpingo yachifumu mu Aachen.

Ndipo anayamba luso lopanga mipukutu: zinalembedwa pafupifupi calligraphic cholembedwa okongoletsedwa ndi ankapenta wokongola. Mwa mabuku mabuku onse zamulungu ndipo mbiri - nthawi ofotokoza deta kulowa zimene zinachitika mu Wachifulanki Ufumu.

Ufumu anatsegula sukulu lolunjika pa maphunziro pulayimale ndi osankhika. Mlengi wa loyamba linali angakuthandizeni Karla Alkuin. Ndi sukulu osankhika, anatsegula mu Aachen umabweretsa pamodzi asayansi, banja la Mfumu ndi bwalo lonse Karla Velikogo. The sukulu yotchedwa "Academy wa Court", anali kukambirana nzeru zaumunthu, ankaphunzira Baibulo ndi chikhalidwe cha Kale, kungoganizira mikuluwiko ndi ndakatulo. Ndipo mmodzi wa mamembala a Academy analemba woyamba mbiri yakale "The Life Karla Velikogo".

Izo zinali mu nthawi ya Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano anaika maziko kuteteza ndi chitsitsimutso cha miyambo yakale ndi maziko a pofuna kukwaniritsa franc chikhalidwe.

Mapangidwe ndi French monga fuko

Mu ulamuliro wa ana a Karla Velikogo ufumu analenga zambiri wofooka. Pamene ufumu unagawanika pakati pa ana ake Charles, The kumadzulo anapita kwa mwana wamkulu Lothar. ana ake anapitiriza chifooke boma unagawanika. Ufumu anagwa. Otsiriza a Carolingian anasiya chikoka ndipo unachotsedwa. Iye anapereka ufulu kudziwa gulu pamene Chiwerengero wamphamvu wa Paris Gugo Kapetu. Ndi kum'mawa woyambawo Wachifulanki Ufumu anadziwika monga France. Zikomo kuti boma lamulo latsopano Capetian osati atachira, komanso kupeza mwayi kwa chitukuko, kuphatikizapo miyambo.

Folk luso akale France

Mu zisudzo nyimbo ndi akale nthawi anaonanso kusintha poyerekeza ndi wakale. mpingo ankaona zisudzo ndi amathandiza mdierekezi kwambiri anathamangitsa fraternity luso. Chifukwa, zamasewero ngati gulu chodabwitsa ali unatha masewera ndi mabwalo nyumba pang'onopang'ono anagwera mu mkhalidwe chisokonezeko, ndipo zisudzo anayamba kupanga gululo akuyendayenda ndi kuimba anthu pamphambano, ndi chilungamo ndi lalikulu. Mobile gulu la mosalekeza wosewera - gistrionov anali zochepa yabwino chandamale cha chizunzo ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi mpingo, iye amagonjera ndi zolinga zawo nthawi yomweyo mogwirizana ndi mbali chilengedwe malangizo gistrionov ndi troubadours - oyendayenda oimba. A gulu lapadera la Vagant - ophunzira kale kapena Chimonko amene anali ndi ndizosowa prosody luso loimba zopezeka misewu ndi yayekha ku ntchito zake kapena anaimba za chikondi achithupithupi, kapena anadzudzula kuvunda mpingo ndi boma yoola.

Atatu muzochitika za luso akale

9/10 wa anthu akale France anali anthu wamba. Chifukwa yakuti chikhalidwe boma akhoza chimatanthauza wamba a. Ambiri a tsiku anakhala mu wamba akale ntchito m'dziko la Ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti iye analibe kufunika ndi nthawi kukambirana ndi chikhalidwe ndi luso. Ambiri a iwo anali kuimba ndi kuvina ntchito, mpikisano mu mphamvu ndi see. A malo apadera pa luso pochita zinthu ndi azikhala maganizo gistrionov maganizo. Pulogalamu folklore. Nzeru za anthu umaonekera folklore: nkhani, songs, miyambi, ndi mawu. Nkhani chachikulu chinali manyazi ofalitsa opusa wolemera munthu wosauka, koma osauka munthu mtundu zimene zinachitika, monga ulamuliro, kwa banja wamba. Nkhani anali ostrosotsialnymi: anatsegula zoipa za anthu mu dera ubale wa anthu otchuka ndi anthu wamba, komanso ankalankhula za gawo waukulu wa Amaya. Analengedwa ndi nthano, m'Chiarabu nalemekeza zochita za ngwazi dziko amene anamenyera nkhondo ndiponso kulemekeza anthu wamba ndipo ndi nkhanza ang'onoang'ono.

Mbali yachiwiri ya chikhalidwe akale ndi luso unali mzinda moyo, kukula ndi kuyanga amene akhala anati kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma IX. Zikamera wa totere kalasi, ndi bourgeois, chinali chiyambi cha chitukuko cha chikhalidwe bourgeois. Mwamsanga angwiro luso la osema. Ife kusintha mfundo za ntchito yawo ndi khalidwe umatulutsa mankhwala ambiri amene panopa ali ndi wamtengo wapatali ngati katswiri wa luso kukongoletsa. Ndi kuyambira pa nthawi ino anafika moyo wathu tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mawu otero monga "mwaluso ndi". Aliyense mbuye, ukubwera munalidi gulu fraternity anali kuonetsera luso lawo ndi kupanga mankhwala wangwiro. Zinali mwaluso. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga dongosolo la mogwirizana ndi mpikisano m'madipatimenti amene poyamba anali chimalimbikitsa mu chitukuko cha handicrafts. Koma pa nthawi shopu anayamba kusokoneza zamanja kukhala, monga mpikisano sanafune n'kupulumuka amisiri kwambiri luso, ndipo nthawizina sanafune chinsinsi cha kupanga mankhwala kapena ndondomeko zinthu lidapezeka m'manja a mpikisano chifukwa cha izo. Nthawi zambiri anthu a munalidi gulu ubale ngakhale anawononga Kutulukira, ndipo nthawizina kuzunzidwa ndiAmene awo.

Chachitatu chipani akale chikhalidwe ndi luso anali kukhalako kwa dziko osiyana apamwamba - ang'onoang'ono. Monga ulamuliro, utumiki onse ang'onoang'ono asilikali anagwira mfumuyo, monga atumiki wake. ambuye ang'onoang'ono anali aang'ono kwa ambuye awo - .. Barons, earls, etc. Kunyamula utumiki Kukwera Akavalo asilikali, iwo anali chodabwitsa cha anthu akale monga chivalry. chikhalidwe Knight anali yodziwika ndi luso yache. Zikuphatikizapo luso chivalry odula manja - kulemba buku knightly banja kapena Knight umodzi. Zizindikiro yopangidwa ndi zisulo mtengo - golide ndi siliva, enamel ndi ubweya marten kapena mapuloteni. Aliyense odula manja anali wofunika m'mbiri gwero ndi ntchito wapatali luso.

Komanso, mu chimango cha chivalric chikhalidwe anyamata - Ankhondo tsogolo - luso anaphunzitsa monga kuimba ndi kuvina, kusewera zida zoimbira. Iwo anali ophunzitsidwa ku ubwana ulemu wabwino, tinadziwa kwambiri andakatulo, ndipo ambiri a Ankhondo okha analemba ndakatulo, kuthera dona awo wokondeka. Ndipo ndithudi, muyenera kukumbukira chipilala wapadera wa zomangamanga akale - kulinga Knight a, anamanga kalembedwe Romanesque, komanso akachisi chodabwitsa anali anamangidwa mu mizinda yonse ya France, woyamba mu Romanesque, ndipo kenako - kalembedwe Gothic. Kachisi wotchuka akuganiza Cathedral wa Notre Dame ku Paris ndi Reims Cathedral - malo a coronation mafumu French.

French Art limatuluka

Kubadwa Kwatsopano, anagwirizana ndi kuzungulira latsopano chidwi mu cholowa wakale chikhalidwe ndi luso anabadwa mu Italy dzuwa m'zaka XIV. Mu France, mumaganiza za Kubadwa Kwatsopano zikugwirizananso ndi chikhalidwe ndi luso zithunzi mpaka cha m'ma XV. Koma nthawi imeneyi kwa nthawi yaitali mu France kuposa mu Italy, kuti XVI, ndipo m'zaka za m'ma XVII. Kukwera m'munda wa chikhalidwe ndi luso mu State French wakhala kugwirizana ndi kumalizidwa kwa kugwirizana kwa dziko pansi Louis XI.

Disengagement ku mwambo Gothic mu luso la France zinachitika mogwirizana ndi yokopa pafupipafupi ya mafumu Italy, kumene anakumana ndi chodabwitsa luso Italy wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Komabe, mosiyana Italy, luso imeneyi France anali bwalo kuposa dziko.

Pankhani ya dziko la French luso woimirira yowala a mabuku ake anali wolemba ndakatulo chidwi Fransua Rable, kulenga zosangalatsa, zoseketsa ndi wansangala ndakatulo.

Ngati ife kulankhula za luso la maso nthawi imeneyi, tisaiwale kuti ankapenta mabuku zamulungu ndipo yakale ophatikizidwa zizolowezi m'chombocho. The wojambula woyamba wa luso French nyengo anali Zhan Fuke, kumanzere kwa mbadwa mbiri yaikulu mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi za olemekezeka ndi royals, ankapenta, mitunda, diptych zosonyeza Madonna.

Margarita Navarrskaya anaitanidwa ku France ndi ku Italy ambuye wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano: Rosso ndi Primaticcio, amene anayambitsa sukulu ya Fontainebleau - malangizo a luso French wa kupenta kuti anatuluka mu chuma cha Fontainebleau. Zotsatira zinali zochokera mfundo za Mannerism, amene oimira Poyamba anayambitsa sukulu, ndipo yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za m'nthano ndi nthano zovuta. magwero apulumuka, maina kuitana ndi amisiri ena amene anachita nawo kamangidwe ka Nyumbayi wa Fontainebleau: Italy Pellegrino ndi Zhyust De Juste, ndi French Simon Lerua, Claude Baduen Charles Doreen Fleming Tirey Leonard neri Al.

Mu XVI atumwi ku France mwachangu anakamba polemba chinenero cha chithunzi, wowoneka ndi pensulo. Kuliganizira ntchito ndi Jean Clouet, anajambula chithunzi ambiri bwalo French.

The chosema nthawi imeneyi ku France chikugwirizana ndi dzina la Michel Colombe, ndi msonkhano kuchita kuphatikizapo zithunzi mpumulo ndi nzeru zaumunthu kutanthauzira tombstones lapansi. Komanso chidwi ntchito Zhana Guzhona, wodzazidwa ndi musicality wapadera ndi zithunzi ndakatulo ndi kalembedwe ntchito.

Counterweight kwa zogwirizana ndi changwiro kukongola ndi kukongola luso Goujon anayamba ntchito ya ziboliboli wina wa nthawi ino - Germain Pilon. Iwo mofananira mu mawu awo ndi hypertrophy a makhalidwe opatsirana ntchito zosonyeza za m'ma XIX. zilembo zonse kwambiri ziriri, ngakhale chilengedwe, zochitikazi ndipo zakuda.

French Art: 17 m'zaka

XVI atumwi anali nthawi ya nkhondo komanso chipwirikiti ku dziko French. Kotala loyamba la m'zaka XVII, mphamvu likhale lolimba mu France. Makamaka ndondomeko mofulumira centralization mphamvu wapita pansi Louis XIII, pamene aliyense mu dziko anathamanga ndi Cardinal Richelieu. Anthu anadzuma m'goli la apamwamba ndi zolemetsa ntchito tsiku. Komabe, mafumu absolutist zachititsa kulimbikitsa ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya France, komanso kuti pa nthawi imeneyi dziko ndi limodzi mwa chitsogozo cha pakati m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Mosakayikira ichi kwakhudza chitukuko ndi mumaganiza chachikulu cha chikhalidwe ndi luso dziko.

French m'ma 17 luso akhoza ziri amatanthauziridwa kuti nduna, amene anasonyeza ndi kumusangalatsa ndi kukongoletsa kalembedwe Baroque.

Mosiyana ndi chimwambo ndi akukokomeza Baroque kukongoletsa luso France ali allocated mbali ziwiri: Kuzindikira ndi classicism. Woyamba anali pamtima chinyezimiro cha moyo weniweni monga izo zinali, popanda anakopekanso. Mwa chimango ichi, kukhala mtundu wanyimbo ndi chithunzi, baibulo ndi Mitundu m'nthano.

Classicism ku French Zithunzi zimenezi zimasonyeza makamaka mutu wa ntchito woganizirana, chigonjetso cha anthu pa munthu, chifukwa zolinga. Iwo pabwino zotsutsana ndi zolakwa za dziko lenileni, abwino amene kuyesetsa, ngakhale nsembe zofuna zawo. Zonse kwenikweni ali kuchita ndi luso labwino la France. Maziko luso chakale anakhala mwambo wa luso lakalekale. Ndipo izi zakhala zikupezeka mu zomangamanga kwambiri powerenga. Komanso, ndi zomangamanga panali amadalira kwambiri pa zofuna yeniyeni ya boma ndipo kwathunthu subordinated kuti absolutism.

Nthawi ya atumwi XVII boma French wofanana ndi erection kwa ambiri pakati ensembles mapulani ndi nyumba yachifumu. Nthawi imeneyi, ndi zomangamanga yakale akubwera patsogolo.

Ngati ife kulankhula za chinyezimiro cha zizoloŵezi aforesaid mu luso zithunzi, tiyenera kutchula ntchito Nikolya Pussena - nthumwi zodabwitsa za nthawi ya luso lomwe Zoonadi nthawi yomweyo ndi maganizo zowombetsa mkota wa dziko, ndipo indomitable mphamvu ya moyo wa luso lakalekale.

French Art: 18 Century

Pankhani luso French za m'ma XVIII, ili ndi mutu osiyana kukambirana nthawi yaitali. Mwa chidule, French luso la nthawi iyi anali kuukira zodabwitsa choimira mu moyo wapoyera: ndi absolutism anayamba kuwola, ndi apamwamba anatsogolera moyo zapamwamba, parasitizing pa kumabungwe ena a anthu. The kusakhutira anayamba misa, zinachititsa bourgeois zisinthe, zomwe zinachititsa Republic unakhazikitsidwa mu France. Zonse izi zimaonekera pa luso m'ma 18 France.

Kukwera atsopano a chikhalidwe anali kugwirizana ndi chikoka chachikulu pa ntchito mfundo ya mayiko, amene kwenikweni kutchulidwa nyimbo. Mu zisudzo, ntchito yaikulu inali kuchita Comedy, mwachangu osauka mosakondera masque, sewero la chisunzo. Fewer ndiAmene anatembenukira kwa nkhani zachipembedzo, ambiri osauka luso boma. French chikhalidwe cha nthawi iyi anali zosiyanasiyana kwambiri ndiponso kusiyana. Kuzindikira luso akatulukire kwa Kuwulura dziko anthu a makalasi osiyanasiyana: maganizo ake ndi zochitika, mbali tsiku ndi tsiku, kusanthula maganizo.

French 19 m'ma luso

Ukupitirira. Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule za luso French za m'ma XIX. Moyo wa nthawi ino boma amakhala ndi kuzungulira wina kukula wosakhutira otchuka ndipo anafotokoza maganizo chosintha pambuyo kubwezeretsedwa kwa mafumu French. Mutu wa kulimbana ndi ungwazi wakhala mmodzi wa kutsogolera luso masomphenya. Komanso zinaonetsera njira zatsopano kupenta - historicism ndi romanticism. Koma ndi academicism mu luso la maso nthawi iyi pali kulimbana.

Kuphunzira mtundu imayambitsa pachithunzipa kumabweretsa chitukuko yogwira wa mtundu wanyimbo malo, ndi kubwerezanso machitidwe onse a kupenta French.

chitukuko Special ilandira izi zaluso nthawi ndi zamanja monga kwambiri kusonyeza zolinga za anthu. wotchuka kwambiri ndi splint, kulola mu njira yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi satirical awulule zopindika ndi mavuto a anthu a.

Ndipotu, filimuyi amakhala mbiri yakale gwero nyengo etching. Malinga etchings akhoza kuphunzira mbiri ya XIX m'ma France.

French luso, monga taonera, chachikulu kwambiri ndi osiyanasiyana, ndipo umakhudza ndi peculiarities wa boma la France. Aliyense nyengo - chipika zikuluzikulu zimene amafuna Kuwulura wapadera kuti n'zosatheka kuchita m'nkhani imodzi.