Aesthetics - Izi ndi kukongola ndi phindu la nzeru

Mfundo kwambiri wa aesthetics anabwera kwa ife ku Greece wakale. Pamene akale ofufuza nzeru za kwa nthawi yoyamba ndinaganiza za magulu osiyana ndi matanthauzo a zochita za anthu, iwo anapereka dzina la bongo wa okongola ndi wonyansa, ndi maganizo a chodabwitsa maganizo. Kenako anayamba kukhulupirira kuti aesthetics - ichi ndi chiphunzitso chapadera chokhudza zimene kukongola. Amagwiritsidwanso zosiyanasiyana zimene amapanga zingatenge, ngati lilipo mu chikhalidwe kapena okha ntchito. Tikhoza kunena kuti chiphunzitso ichi monga mwambo anayambitsa imodzi ndi nzeru, ndipo gawo la izo. The Pythagoreans, "kaphatikizidwe ajebura komanso mogwirizana", pamodzi ndi maganizo kukongola ndi manambala. Aesthetics - mtengo uwu. Kupereka wa dziko lakale la nthano chabe kuti categorization ndi

Ancient Agiriki anatsindika mfundo za chiyambi cha dziko mwa chisokonezo ndi chilakolako chake chiyanjano. Chifukwa aesthetics iwo ali m'gulu la maphunziro azachilengedwe a. Choncho, zazikulu ndi microcosm, kuti, munthu ndi chilengedwe anayenera kukhala ofanana wina Drogo, kuphatikizapo kukongola. Nthano ya amakedzana analabadira cholinga cha dziko. The Sophists anaona kuti mfundo zokongoletsa kawirikawiri amadalira munthu ndi maganizo ake. Choncho iwo ayikapo mtengo chiwerengero mu aesthetics siyana zimene amapanga maziko a umunthu. Socrates M'malo mwake, anandiuza kuti aesthetics - ichi ndi lingaliro chikhalidwe, komanso chiwerewere ndi yonyansa. maganizo ake makamaka yopangidwa ndi Plato, amene ananena kuti n'nzeru, timapeza "monga ngati kuyesera kukumbukira." Iwo amabwera kuchokera ku dziko la milungu. Ndipo potsiriza, mu Aristotle ife tikupeza chiphunzitso lonse kuti kukongola ndi zinthu amafuna nthanthi kusinkhasinkha ndi tanthauzo sayansi. Choyamba amasonyeza akuti monga "gulu la aesthetics", ndi kuwalowetsa makope sayansi. Aristotle akusiyanitsa Kunena mwachidule zimene tingathe kufotokoza maganizo a ntchito: "kwambiri", "lapamwamba", "yonyansa", "zoipa", "azithunzithunzi", "zomvetsa chisoni." Iye anayesetsa kukhazikitsa limasonyeza pakati pa magulu awa ndi kudalirana awo.

Development ziphunzitso zokongoletsa mu Europe mpaka masiku ano

Pa Middle Ages, makamaka oyambirira, kutsogozedwa zachikhristu Platonism kuti aesthetics chimachokera kwa Mulungu, choncho tiyenera kukhala "lolembedwa" mu zamulungu ndipo subordinated kwa izo. Foma Akvinsky anayamba chiphunzitso cha kukongola ndi lothandiza kwambiri mu mawu a Aristotle. Akuganizira pa momwe magulu zokongoletsa tinapangidwa kutsogolera munthu kwa Mulungu, ndi momwe iwo akuwonetseredwa mu chikhalidwe zinalengedwa mwa Iye. Pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, chiphunzitso masika wakhala wotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa kufufuza chiyanjano mu chikhalidwe ndi thandizo la masamu ndi mawu ake mwa zithunzi ndi mawu anakhala waukulu njira ya nzeru za kukongola. Choncho kuuka aesthetics luso mu tanthauzo la namatetule Leonardo da Vinci. M'zaka za m'ma 19 anali kulamulidwa ndi ziphunzitso zitatu kuti nkhondo pakati pawo kuti ndiye otchuka pakati luntha. Choyamba, ili ndi mfundo chikondi, ananena kuti aesthetics - ndi mphatso zachilengedwe kwa munthu, ndipo inu muyenera kuti tikakhale akumva mau ake, kukhala nacho mu ntchito yake. Ndiye - nzeru Hegelian ananena kuti chiphunzitso cha kukongola - ndi mtundu wa chitukuko cha lingaliro mtheradi, ndipo ali ndi ena magawo mbiri ya chitukuko komanso makhalidwe abwino. Pomaliza, lingaliro Kant kuti aesthetics ndi lingaliro lathu zachilengedwe chinachake ndi kufunika. chithunzi ichi chili ndi mitu yathu, ndipo ife tokha kulowa dziko. Ndipotu aesthetics ku "malo a ufulu" ndi chikhalidwe. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 pakubwera vuto la malo miyambo chiphunzitso chabwino, koma ndi kale nkhani ya nkhani zosiyana.