Kodi chinthu. ndemanga zingapo nthanthi

Mu nzeru, mfundo za chinthu potsiriza anapanga okha pakati pa BC IV atumwi, m'nyengo chakale cha Plato ndi Aristotle. Lisanaperekedwe, ambiri zofufuza nthanthi anachitira makamaka ndi kufotokoza nkhani Cosmological ndi chikumbumtima. Nkhani zokhudza dziko alibe anakhudzidwa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti asanabadwe dziko yabwino Plato imodzi mwa anzeru Greek analibe maganizo dziko limene munthu amakhala ndi maganizo munthu wa dziko. M'mawu ena, ozungulira zinthu, zochitika, ndiponso zochita za anthu doplatonovskuyu nyengo sanali "kunja" kwa wakale philosophizing amatsata. Choncho, pali wakhalapo kwa chinthu chilichonse cha nkhani - ndi gnosiological, akamabadwa kapena koyenela tanthauzo la mfundo zimenezi.

Plato anapanga kusintha maganizo, pamene anatha zimasonyeza kuti mfundo azikhala atatu palokha Chrixitu dziko mu dziko la zinthu, dziko la maganizo ndi dziko la malingaliro za zinthu ndi maganizo. njira otere anapangidwa m'njira yosiyana kuganizira alipidwa Cosmological kungoganizira. M'malo kudziŵa gwero yoyambirira ya moyo mu malo oyamba pali kufotokoza dziko ndi kulongosola mmene timazindikira dziko. Chotero, izo zimakhala zofunika kufotokozera momveka bwino zimene chinthu. Ndipo chimene chimapanga maganizo ake. Malinga Plato, chinthu chinachake kuti maso munthu imeneyi, kuti ndi "kunja" poyerekezera amatsata lapansi. Munthu kuzindikira za chinthu kutengedwa ngati phunziro. Choncho anaona kuti anthu awiri osiyana ndi maganizo otsutsana pa nkhaniyi, koma chifukwa kunja dziko (zinthu za dziko) zazindikirika subjectively. Cholinga kapena abwino, likhoza kukhala dziko maganizo.

Aristotle, nayenso amakhazikitsa mfundo masiyanidwe. Njira imeneyi ndi mwapadera kwa Plato. Pofuna kudziwa zimene ali chinthu, kunapezeka kuti dziko la zinthu (zinthu) lagawidwa titero pawiri: maonekedwe ndi ofunika. Ndi "nkhani" anamvetsedwa thupi kokha, zolongosoledwa basi kudzera zinachitikira wazotsatira, koma mawonekedwe Anapatsidwa katundu akamabadwa ndipo amatanthauza yekha mavuto a epistemology (chiphunzitso cha nzeru). Pa nkhani imeneyi, chinthu chimene dziko thupi ndi kufotokozera kwake.

Chotero kumvetsa wapawiri wa chinthu - thupi ndi akamabadwa - sanasinthe pa zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi. Ndiyenera amaonera kumvera pa kulankhula. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro akale Mkhristu. dziko ndi - kusonyeza chifuniro cha Mulungu. Funso la zimene chinthu si kusweka konse: cholinga diso akhoza kukhala Mulungu yekha ndi anthu, chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo zinali kokha zotengera malingaliridwe malo. Choncho, zinthu zenizeni, ngakhale chimatengedwa ngati amenewa (Frensis Bekon), akadali ndi m'maganizo, ogaŵikana osiyana, yoyenda yokha ku chinthu mzake. Lingaliro la chinthu anabadwa patapita masiku ano ndi m'nthawi ya Classicism, pamene zenizeni ozungulira salinso anazindikira basi chinthu philosophizing. dziko wakhala cholinga kwa sayansi mofulumira osauka.

Lero, naonekera funso "Kodi chinthu?" Ndi methodological osati nzeru za anthu. Chinthu ambiri amadziŵa gawo lofufuza - ndipo zingakhale chinthu kapena chinthu, ndipo ena mwa malo ake, kapena kumvetsa umboni wa katundu. Chinthu china ndi chakuti zambiri chinthu anafotokozedwa ndi udindo m'maganizo, makamaka tipeze tanthauzo la zochitika watsopano. Mwa njira, ganizirani izi: madera Intaneti ndi kulumikiza Intaneti - amene mu nkhani iyi ndi nkhani, ndi phunziro?

Choncho, zikuonekeratu: funso zimene chinthu yafupika yekha mavuto a umayenda sayansi. Ngati akufuna mfundo kapena chiphunzitso ayamba kulandira, tifunika kuti mumalalikira kubadwa kwa chinthu chatsopano. Kapena, Tikawonetsetsa deobektivizatsii zinthu kapena zochitika. Mu dziko lino, zonse ndi wachibale.