Pamene kumbuyo mu 1330 Bertold Shvarts, ndi German mmonke amene anapeza onga chopopera katundu, iye sankaganiza kuti adzakhala kholo la mulungu watsopano - mulungu wa nkhondo.
Chiyambi cha zida zankhondo
Inayambira mmonke msanga ntchito zokhudza usilikali, ndipo posachedwa uko kunali mbali ziwiri za chitukuko zida, kumene kuponya katundu wa onga ntchito. The woyamba anali kulenga opepuka dzanja ankaweruza manja yaing'ono, wachiwiri - kupanga mfuti. Zikamera wa handguns Sichinatsitsidwe zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha mtundu watsopano wa asilikali. Iwo basi zida alipo, kuchotsa oyenda ndi apakavalo mauta ndi javelins kuwala - mivi. Koma maonekedwe a mfuti anapanga asilikali watsopano, umene Russia ankatchedwa "moto kavalidwe", ndipo kuti theorist Italy Niccolo Tartaglia manja akufuna kuitana zida zankhondo, limene kumasulira amatanthauza "luso la kuwombera." Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti Corps anaonekera bwino pamaso kutsegula kwa mmonke German, ndi kuyambitsa kwa woyamba makina propelling - ballista. Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, mulungu wa nkhondo zida zankhondo zinafika ndi chilengedwe cha zida zankhondo.
Kukula kwa Mulungu Nkhondo
M'kupita kwa nthawi, asilikali si chilili, ndi zida zankhondo sikuti bwino, komanso mitundu yatsopano ya kusonyezedwa: howitzers, mortars, angapo launchers roketi ndi ena. Mu m'ma zida zankhondo moona chogwidwa kumalo omenyera nkhondo. Ndi chitukuko cha zida anayamba ndi zida zankhondo zipolopolo.
mitundu ya zipolopolo
Chipolopolo woyamba, umene inakhazikitsa kwa mdani, ndi wina kuposa mwala ochiritsira, ndi ballista rechargeable. Ndi kumayambiriro mfuti anayamba ntchito miyala yapadera, ndipo kenako pachimake zitsulo. Mfundozo mdani imfa chifukwa cha mphamvu kayendedwe tinasonkhanitsa pa kuwombera. Koma ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma AD ciwiri ku China ife ntchito projectile ndi kuphulika, dziko mdani ndi catapult. Choncho, mwa maganizodwe kuti pachimake dzenje la zinthu zachiwawa mkati si yaitali kubwera. Choncho panali projectile zida zankhondo zachiwawa. Amabweretsa zinawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu ya kuphulika ndi kubalalika splinters. Pambuyo kuoneka mipherezero oti muli nazo zida kulimbana iwo wapadera zida kuboola, kuboola ndi chokhala zipolopolo anayamba kupanga. Ntchito yawo inali kudutsa zida ndi kuwononga makina ndiponso anthu amene ali malo zabronevom. Palinso mwapadera cholinga zipolopolo: owala, incendiary, mankhwala, ndi mabodza ena. kupeza Posachedwapa kutchuka motsogozedwa munitions, zomwe okha kusintha ndege yake molondola kwambiri kugunda mipherezero.
zipolopolo Concussive
Okwirira akuimira mlandu zachiwawa (zachiwawa) amene amabweretsa kuwonongeka ndi mafunde mantha, kutentha ndi mankhwala kuphulika (mabomba ena Mwachitsanzo, kulola kuyaka kwa kumaliseche poizoni). Zachiwawa projectile pafupifupi osati ntchito mu mawonekedwe woyera. Zachiwawa mlandu anaika mu thupi olimba zitsulo angathe komabe kuthamanga mu anasenza. Choncho, kabotolo zachiwawa chipolopolo mitundu ambiri zidutswa. zida izi dzina lake mkulu-zachiwawa projectile (CFC). Ambiri zida zankhondo yolimbanirana ndi basi CFC.
shrapnel
Kuyambira pa kuzula FFS ochiritsira n'zovuta kuonetsetsa yunifolomu kupezeka makombo, izo mwakuchita zipolopolo mkulu-zachiwawa ndi zinthu okonzeka ofunika kwambiri. Mtundu wa munition amatchedwa "shrapnel" (polemekeza zatsopano, ndi msilikali British Henry Shrepnela). yabwino kwambiri pamene ikuwomba pa msinkhu wa mamita angapo kuchokera pansi. Modern zipolopolo submunitions kuti nthenga mtundu mapiramidi, amene amalola ngakhale kugunda mopepuka mipherezero oti muli nazo zida.
Okwirira ndi zida
Cha m'ma 40 ntchentche wa XX atumwi ku UK izo anayamba projectile zachiwawa kuwononga mdani magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Iyo inali nyumba ndi mipanda woonda, amene anaikidwa mlandu zachiwawa ndi detonator ndi retarder a. Pa kukhudzana ndi woonda zachitsulo zida m'chimake anakomoka ndi flattened zida BB, yolanda m'dera kwambiri. Pambuyo opaleshoni anali motsogoleredwa ndi detonator ndi angatifooketsere cha mabomba. Zimenezi zinachititsa adalira ndi kugonja njira zabronevom danga zidutswa mkati ndi moto pamwamba wosanjikiza zankhondo. mtundu wotchedwa mkulu-zachiwawa sikwashi mutu. Komabe, mkubwela kwa chitetezo zazikulu ndi kuchuluka zankhondo, anapezeka kukhala operewera. Panopa, miyala iyi ali mu utumiki okha kwawo - mu UK.
Mafyuzi zipolopolo zachiwawa
Woyamba lama fuyusi zipolopolo mkulu-zachiwawa zimakhalira chingwecho ndi akayaka pamene zipolopolo ndi mfuti ndipo kukumba BB anayambitsa patapita nthawi yina. Komabe, pambuyo kuoneka mfuti rifled ndi zipolopolo conical mawonekedwe, amene amayenda yokumana ndi chopinga kutsogolo mlanduwo, panali mafyuzi percussion. awo mwayi kwagona kuti kukokoloka kwa BB kukuwonekera mwamsanga kukhudzana ndi cholepheretsa. Kuti thupilo malinga percussion mafyuzi okonzeka ndi retarder. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti zipolopolo, choyamba kudutsa zopinga, potero kwambiri kuwonjezeka Mwachangu ake. Kukongoletsera bomba ndi unyinji wochuluka lama fuyusi thupi ndi makoma wandiweyani (kulola, chifukwa mphamvu kayendedwe, angatithandize kudzifufuza makoma mfundo yaitali moto) analandira betonoboynymi projectile.
Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pa siteji koyamba WWII akasinja KV-2 ntchito zipolopolo 152-millimeter betonoboynymi bwinobwino ankamenyana ndi zida German. Pamene jekeseni sing'anga kapena kuwala German chipolopolo thanki chifukwa kulemera kwake, choyamba kuwononga galimoto, anang'amba nsanja, kenako chakumene. The sangathe wa percussion fuzes anali kuti pamene anamasulidwa mu nthaka yomata (mwachitsanzo, dambo), iwo sizinagwire ntchito. Vutoli angathetse kutali detonator limalola kuphulika kwa zida pa mtunda wina m'mphepete mwa mfuti mbiya. Panopa mtundu wa detonator ntchito lonse la CFC. Timatha, mwachitsanzo, mfuti ya mifuti thanki pa mipherezero mpweya (Helicopters).
Nkhondowo ntchito projectiles zachiwawa
zipolopolo High-zachiwawa - mtundu waukulu zipolopolo ntchito ndi kachitidwe kamakono zida zankhondo. Iwo ntchito kuwononga malinga, kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nkhondowo materiel zosiyanasiyana, mikono yake, anthu oti. Mothandizidwa awo, mavesi ndi anakhomerera mu minefields ndi nyumba kumbuyo zomangamanga. Mwachitsanzo, mu nthawi omaliza a kukonda dziko lako nkhondo ya Soviet kudziletsa injini zida zankhondo unsembe Mis 152, ntchito 152 mm projectile mkulu-kuphulika, bwinobwino anawononga bunkers German pa za Seelow Heights, kuposa yojambula wa 1 ndi 2 alonda thanki Army Katukova ndi Bogdanov kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Berlin. Ngakhale amphamvu kwambiri zida sanali nyukiliya wa lero (RZSO "Twister") zimapanga maziko a zipolopolo roketi mkulu-zachiwawa zipolopolo 9M55F chimene zimaphulika kuwombera ukugwira zida zoopsa.