MAFUTA: kapangidwe, mbiri, ntchito

Mafuta - mmodzi wa oimira gulu la chuma madzi mchere (kuwonjezera ake amaphatikizapo madzi ngakhale artesian). Dzina limeneli ku Persian "mafuta." Pamodzi ndi ozocerite ndi gasi umatanthauza gulu la mchere wotchedwa petrolytes.

Mafuta pa kaonedwe ka sayansi umagwirira NCHIYANI

Ndi aliwonse, wochuluka mankhwala, mtundu ndi osalimba amene imasiyana malingana ndi malo a ulimi. Izo zikhoza kukhala wowala wobiriwira kapena chitumbuwa wofiira, wachikasu, wabulauni, wakuda, ndipo nthawi zina - colorless. The fluidity ya mafuta komanso zosiyana kwambiri: wina ndi madzi, ena - ndi viscous. Koma ofanana ndi mnzake zosiyana mu thupi katundu wa thunthu, kotero ndi mipweya awo, amene nthawi zonse ndi osakaniza zovuta za chimasanduka. Pakuti zina zizigwirizana zosafunika - sulfure, asafe ndi mankhwala ena kumene fungo zimadalira kwenikweni pamaso pa chimasanduka onunkhira mankhwala a sulfa.

Dzina la chigawo chachikulu cha mafuta - "chimasanduka" zochuluka za kapangidwe kake. mankhwala, wopangidwa mwa mpweya ndi wa hydrogen maatomu, amene ambiri chilinganizo kwalembedwa monga CxHy. Nthumwi zosavuta zino ndi dziko CH4, pano mu mafuta.

The zikuchokera pulayimale ya mafuta pafupifupi akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati kuchuluka ndi motere:

• 84% mpweya
• 14% wa hydrogen
• 1-3% sulfure
• <1% mpweya
• <1% zitsulo
• <1% mchere

ZOCHITIKA ZA yatsoka mafuta ndiponso gasi wambiri

Mafuta ndi gasi amakhala anzake, ndiye iwo ali pamodzi, koma izi ziri zoona zokha kuti akuya makilomita kuchokera 1 mpaka 6. Ambiri mwa minda ndi osiyanasiyana ichi, kuphatikiza mafuta ndi gasi ndi osiyana. Ngati mozama ndi zosakwana kilometre, zilipo mafuta wina, ndi makilomita oposa 6 - mpweya yekha.

Mosungiramo pamene mafuta amene amapezeka, wotchedwa wokhometsa. Izi thanthwe zambiri porous amene tingauyerekeze chinkhupule zolimba zimene akusonkhanitsa ndi nayo mafuta, gasi, ndi madzi ena makina (mwachitsanzo, madzi). choyambilira wina ndi kukhalapo kwa accumulations wa mafuta mosungiramo chivindikiro amene kumathandiza kayendedwe zina za madzimadzi chifukwa chimene yotsirizira yatsekedwa mumsampha. Akatswiriwa kuyang'ana misampha zomwe zimatchedwa minda, koma si ndithu dzina bwino. Chifukwa mafuta ndi gasi anayambitsa kwambiri m'munsi mwa zigawo pansi kuthamanga. Mu zigawo chapamwamba iwo anachokera chakuti, monga madzi kuwala amakonda oposa. Iwo kwenikweni amakankhira pamwamba.

KUTI KOMANSO LITI MAFUTA wochokera

Kuti timvetse limagwirira mapangidwe mafuta, muyenera maganizo kubwerera zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso biogenic (Aka - chiphunzitso cha chiyambi organic), chibwenzi kuchokera nthawi Carboniferous (zaka miliyoni 350 BC) mpaka m'ma Paleogene (zaka 50 miliyoni BC.), Mbali zambiri za osaya conglomerations madzi kukhala mtembo wa organic moyo - akuzunzika ndi tizilombo ndi algae agwa pansi, kupanga pansi zigawo organics. pang'onopang'ono, zigawo zinatsekedwa ena, zochita kupanga - m'dambo la mchenga, mwachitsanzo, nagwa kutsika pansi. Anzanu kuchuluka kuphimba zigawo Unalimbitsa, mwayi kwa mpweya kuti organics sanali. Mu mdima mchikakamizo cha kuthamanga ndi kutentha kusintha akhala chimasanduka ophweka, ndipo ena a kukhala gaseous gawo - madzi ndi olimba.

Kamodzi madzi anapatsidwa mwayi kuthawa mapangidwe makolo, nathamanga iwo kuti bola musalekane msampha. Komabe, kuyamba ndi nthawi kudya. Misampha madzi ambiri amafalitsidwa motere: pamwamba mpweya, ndiye mafuta, ndi pansi - madzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa kachulukidwe ya aliyense wa iwo. Ngati njira si madzimadzi-zolimba mosungiramo nawo, iwo anaonekera padziko, kumene iwo ali kuwonongedwa ndi kubalalika. mafuta Natural seeps pamwamba chimakhala nyanja wandiweyani semiliquid Malta ndi phula, kapena china izo zamphongo zimapereka bere mchenga, kupanga otchedwa mchenga mafuta.

ANTHU POYAMBA mafuta

mafuta linanena bungwe padziko sanathe koma zikope tcheru cha munthu wakale. Pa magawo oyambirira chibwenzi ndi pafupifupi palibe uthenga, koma mu nthawi ya bwino anayamba mafuta chikhalidwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga - ichi akusonyeza deta ku Iraq, zomwe apeza umboni wa ntchito mafuta kuteteza nyumba kwa chinyezi. Mu Igupto, iye anapeza combustibility mafuta, ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa. Komanso, wapeza ntchito kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke ndi monga sealant maboti.

Pokhala osowa, mafuta wakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri akale: Ababulo ankagulitsa izo mu Middle East. Amaganiza kuti ntchito imeneyi chabutsa kwambiri m'matawuni ndi kumidzi. Ndi zotheka kuti mafuta polenga mmodzi wa anthu otchuka "zodabwitsa za World" - atapachikidwa Gardens wa Babulo. Apo izo zinali zothandiza monga sealant, osati madzi permeable.

The Chinese anali woyamba amene anali sakukhutitsidwa ndi akasupe kufika pamwamba. Iwo anatulukira kuboola ntchito zimayambira dzenje nsungwi ndi zitsulo "bulauni" pa mapeto. Poyamba, iwo anali kufunafuna magwero mchere kupanga mchere, koma ndiye iwo anapeza mafuta ndi gasi. Ndi yamasika iwo chamunthuyo mchere - atakhala moto kwa izo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta China panthawi imeneyo palibe deta.

Njira ina kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta wamkulu woyesedwa matenda a khungu lake. Za mchitidwe mwa anthu a Absheron Peninsula anati mu zolemba Marco Polo.

mafuta choyamba ku Russia amatchulidwa kokha m'zaka XV. Oona za mbiri apeza otchula yosakongola mafuta kusonkhana pa Ukhta mtsinje kumene ndipamene filimu pa pamwamba pa madzi. Apo iye amatengedwa ndi zopangidwa izo mankhwala kapena gwero kuwala - zambiri zinali mankhwala zounikira.

A ntchito yatsopano ya mafuta apezeka yekha mu XIX atumwi, pamene nyali ya palafini kupangidwa. Iwo anayamba kupanga ndi Polish sayansi Ignatiy Lukasevich. N'zotheka kuti kunalinso anayambitsa njira ya m'zigawo za mafuta a nyale. Mu zaka zochepa chabe pamaso Canada Abraham Gesner anatulukira njira yopangira palafini ku malasha, koma chotuluka mafuta kunapezeka kuti yopindulitsa kwambiri.

Palafini inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuunikira, kotero kufunika kwa izo ikukula mosalekeza. Choncho kunali koyenera kusankha funso la ulimi wake. Chiyambi cha makampani mafuta anayambitsa mu 1847 ku Baku, kumene bwino woyamba mokhomerera, amene anapereka mafuta. Chabwino posachedwapa anakhala mwakuti Baku amatchedwa Black City.

Koma zitsime anali mokhomerera mwa dzanja chete. The bwino woyamba kwambiri mokhomerera ndi injini ndi nthunzi, ndi yotengeka ndi makina pobowola kuonekera mu Russia mu 1864 m'dera Kuban. Patapita zaka ziwiri, pa Kudakinskom munda ndatsiriza makina kukumba bwino chimodzi.

M'dziko chiyambi cha mafakitale mafuta anayambitsa mu 1859 ndi Edwin Drake mokhomerera yoyamba mu US pa August 27 chaka chino mafuta bwino - anali ndi akuya mamita 21.2 ndipo ili mu mzinda Taytusvil ku Pennsylvania, kumene pamaso pa kukumba zitsime artesian zambiri anapeza mafuta.

Mafuta pobowola inachepetseratu mtengo wa mafuta kwachititsa kuti pa nthawi yochepa, mankhwala wakhala n'kofunika kuti chitukuko chamakono. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinali chiyambi cha makampani mafuta.

APPLICATION mafuta

Panopa sitigwiritsa ntchito mafuta mu maonekedwe ake angwiro. Komabe, pali zambiri kukonzedwa mankhwala ofunika dziko lathu. Itatha yoyamba asanu akutembenukira utsi distillation:

• ndege ndi galimoto mafuta
• palafini
• chopopera
• dizilo
• gasi
• mafuta mafuta

Kachigawo mafuta mafuta - gwero la inanso mndandanda wa distillation zina mankhwala:

• phula
• paraffin
• mafuta
• mafuta mafuta

Tsoka zina phula - Polumikiza ndi miyala ndi mchenga kubala phula. Wina mafuta mankhwala amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito njira - ndi sludge, umene ndi maganizo a zatsalira mafuta pambuyo distillation. Wina zotsalira, mafuta coke, ntchito kupanga ferroalloys ndi maelekitirodi.

Mankhwala makampani amagwiritsa chimasanduka ophweka monga feedstock kwa zochita kuti kusintha mankhwala a chilinganizo. Chifukwa ndi pulasitiki, labala, nsalu, feteleza, utoto, polyethylene ndi polypropylene, komanso ambiri mankhwala banja.

gwero http://promdevelop.ru/