Yolembedwa usilikali kapena utumiki chiri, chimene ife sitikudziwa kanthu

Palibe irked zigawo za serfs monga kuyembekezera nthawi zonse wa kukakamizidwa lotsatira. Popanda kuyang'ana pa pogwiritsa chilungamo "anapereka", atamuopseza olumikizirana soldiery kunapezeka kuti aliyense m'dera zovutitsa mnyamata pakati pa zaka 17 ndi 32. Chinthu chokha chinali thanzi la msilikali wa, anatsimikiza pa kufufuza mwachilungamo mokwanira, kodi kulemekeza compositors Petro. Choncho, asilikali sanatenge osati 'opunduka, zokhotakhota ndi linunda "komanso" imawazidwa "ndipo ndi chilema koonekera maonekedwe.

Mbiri yolembedwa usilikali

Nanga usilikali ntchito yokakamiza onse? Chiyambi cha oopsa koma koyenera kuti nthawi wobvutika anapereka, amanena za m'ma XVII. Ngakhale ndiye chofunika yolembedwa usilikali komanso mwa funso. Mapangidwe Asilikali wamba ndi ulemu, asilikali dragoon nthawi inanyamula anasonkhana minda yonse "datochnymi anthu." Mosiyana ndi kujambula kwa zambiri malamulo kenako Pre-Petrine waika sanali zokhudza zonse, ndi kusankha zinachitika, osalephera, ndi kulekana limodzi pa gulu lake munthu, si choncho m'pofunika anthu.

Mwa njira, mfundo ya "nkhosa wakuda," sanadzisiyira kufunika kwawo kenako zambiri, pamene mu 1705 analiza mawu atsopano - "yolembedwa usilikali". Komabe, chilungamo zina kusintha latsopano linali likadali. ammudzi akali malo osiyanasiyana malamulo achifumu mungakonde, koma kulimbika mtima kwa njira zakale anali anaona. A kulemba anthu usilikali zana tsopano zosachepera 80% ya anthu anali opanda banja, ndipo mubanja basi pang'ono, chifukwa cha zifukwa osadziŵika, ndi lamulo anyalanyaza mosasintha anasiya mabanja zina zambiri. Koma chilungamo ichi unatha mu 1757, pamene katunduyo za malo osagwira anasamukira kwathunthu ku chifuniro cha malipiro-offs.

mfundo General yolembedwa usilikali convocation

Mpaka 1736 yolembedwa usilikali kuyankha Russian kuti basi angapo, koma mfundo zosasintha:

• pansi iwo kugwa magulu onse, kaya kufunika kalasi;
• ana a anthu otchuka pansi kukakamizidwa otchedwa ndi dzina ndi mfundo za mnyamata amene wadzichotsa kuthekera cha maimidwe m'malo mwake munthu wina. Koma anthu wamba, komanso nthawi zonse, wodalira kwathunthu chifuniro cha anthu, mfundo alonda kulemba anthu usilikali matikiti ndi luso ngati kuti ndi "wofiira kapu" mosasintha anagwa bezloshadniki kapena troublemakers. Kapena kungoika funso limeneli Msonkhano General;
• Kuthandizidwa palibe ndondomeko yake anali - mpaka munthuyo anali zolimbitsa thupi ndi kuzimvetsa ntchito, iwo ankaona ngati msilikali;
• palibe atathana malamulo kuti pamene kukhala ndi angati anthu angapo mabanja (zigawo, madera) kusankha kulibe zotsatira. Aliyense amaika analenga zinthu zatsopano, chimene, ndipo linamalizidwa ndi asilikali.

Ndi 1736 anabwera mwayi woyamba ana mfulu - kuti chisankho bungwe banja anapangidwa, abale amene akutumikira mu utumiki, ndipo amene ankalamulira munda waukulu. Ndi utumiki watsopano pa nthawi - zaka 25, analoledwa kubwerera kwa munthu wamba ndi "mu unyamata." Wina zaka 26 kutongwa olemekezeka "opepuka" zinthu asilikali, monga lamulo la 1762, katundu mlandu kwathunthu anaika pa mapewa a anthu wamba. Mu chaka chomwecho pali aweruze pang'onopang'ono ufulu ku utumiki wa magulu mwayi, komanso anthu.

Yolembedwa usilikali pansi Nicholas I

Ulamuliro wa Nicholas Ine, mwasintha kwambiri mawu a utumiki, amene kwenikweni zikupezeka mu nthawi ya kukhala asilikali - choncho, mu 1872, m'nyumbayi moyo anali kale zaka 7, ndi kulowa usilikali pansi Peter 1, amavomereza kuti anali msonkho ndi kuvuta yaing'ono.

Hayala kuchokera 1831 walola pafupifupi kulipira asilikali, kulipira lililonse mavuto apadera mnyamata wa rubles 1000. Koma izo zinali chabe supuni yaing'ono uchi, kuyambira hayala yomweyo anakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano ndi motere:

• yolembedwa usilikali muyenera kuchitidwa chaka;
• amuna zikwi kukhala pansi ndi ntchito kuti chaka kutenga anthu asanu yosavuta chaka mungachite kumatheka - anthu 7 mpaka 10 ndipo kuposa nambala - mu zaka zovuta.

Nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu asilikali

Pre-kungoganizira chidwi makonsolo kudzasonyeza kuti mokoma malamulo atsopano, Nicholas ine ndinaganiza za ulalo yolamulira chifaniziro cha munthu. Chisankho unagwa pa mkulu wa Gendarmerie Corps wa Chiwerengero Benkendorf, dzina tsopano pafupifupi mawu banja. Werengerani yomweyo anachita kusankhidwa ndipo anasonyeza dzuwa kawirikawiri powapatsa iliyonse kapitawo ndodo usilikali kukhalapo.

The ulamuliro ikuyang'anira, ndi, wina ku nkhope ya msilikali anali kukanena nsikidzi kapena pa akuyang'anira chiwembu kuyan'anila mwachindunji msilikali wothandiza mfumu uja wa mfumu. Chifukwa GGI zosayembekezereka, kutumikira pamaso pa kusankha kulemba anthu usilikali sanali kokha disadvantageous, komanso yoopsa.

asilikali ndiye, asilikali tsopano!

Nanga kukakamizidwa ndi mmene zikutikhuzira ziriri pano? Pa zimene siteji ya asilikali Russian anapita pa ulamuliro wa utumiki chilengedwe nkhondo, "obyazalovka" monga iwo amati tsopano, ndi momwe zakhudzira khalidwe la maphunziro a asilikali athu?

1874 akhoza kudzakhala kutha kwa nyengo ya usilikali. zaka 169 unatha lankhondo lamphamvu kwambiri mu dziko, kuti anali ndi nthawi kupanga nthawi iyi chikoka kuti Russia amathandiza kutali.

Mokakamizidwa usilikali pansi Peter 1 anafika misa apamwamba mu 1725 - ndiye kulondera njira boma asilikali 200 zikwi ..

katatu kuposa kuti ankaufulula polowa gawo lathu asilikali Napoleon a - kuchokera 1805 mpaka 1812.

Crimea nkhondo wapeza ndithu ndigwira zobisika nkhokwe - za wina ndi anthu miliyoni theka kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo ndi asilikali 300 zikwi zambiri -. Kuti kutha. Kodi kukakamizidwa kwa nyengo, sangalankhule - chiwerengero zikuyendera: pamtima wakhala lonse.

Kupulumuka ngati akuvutika Russia anali Chirasha Turkey nkhondo - mobwerezabwereza kuti wanyamula pansi pa bayonets wa munthu ndi asilikali hafu miliyoni-kuphatikiza ndi alonda.

Tsopano chiwerengero cha asilikali Russian ukugwira ku nthawi za m'ma XIX, ndiko kuti, zikutanthauza wokonzeka nthawi zonse nkhope ya lamphamvu, miliyoni zikuchokera, ndipo mu nthawi ya mtendere ndi kukhulupirika odziwika bwino kupeza mabungwe, imene chagona lupanga Damocles Werengerani Benkendorf.

Njira imeneyi mapangidwe a asilikali - pachaka mokakamizidwa akulembedwa - n'chosiyana kwambiri ndi "chifuniro cha mlanduwu", yolembedwa usilikali, ndipo icho chiri, inu mukuona, chaka chimodzi mu ankhondo ankhanza zamakono za "analola" zaka 25 apilo Petro ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za utumiki ndi "zofewa" Nicholas uchimo?