The "midzi usilikali" Arakcheev: kusintha kwa ubwino ndi kuipa

midzi asilikali analiko Russia mu nthawi kuchokera 1810 mpaka 1857, dongosolo anawapanga kupereka malo asilikali nkhani ya nkhondo. kukhazikitsa ankasiyana ambiguity ndi zambiri kinks.

prerequisites

Midzi woyamba asilikali analiko Russia kale Alexander I. Mu XVII-XVIII zaka ataonekera pa mzinda wa boma kuteteza anthu wamba ku wongosamukasamuka, amene ankakhala kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa malire a dziko. Nthawi zina, ambiri a m'midzi asilikali anali pa Volga, pafupi ndi Orenburg ndi Caucasus. Ambiri a iwo ndi mapeto a ulamuliro wa Catherine Wamkulu unatha. Msilikali ulipo kwa asilikali Cossack. Wina anaphatikizidwa alipidwa m'tawuni.

Pamene mphamvu anabwera 1801, Alexander Ine, iye anaganiza zobwerera dongosolo asilikali akale (kokha mu mawonekedwe kusinthidwa, ndi zina). Chief wochititsa kusintha kwa mfumu yoikidwa pafupifupi wake - Werengani Alekseya Arakcheeva. Grandee poyamba sanafune kuti titenge ichi, koma anavomera, oopa mwinamwake kutaya choncho n'kofunika kuti iye ndi kutilimbikitsa pa mfumu wamng'ono.

Kusankhidwa kwa midzi asilikali

Kodi anauziridwa ndi midzi ya asilikali? Iye arakcheev pambuyo mfumu wake ankatsogoleredwa ndi zimene zinachitikira Prussian. Pali kachitidwe bwino amanoledwa wa Army Reserve, omwe anagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhani ya nkhondo zikuluzikulu.

Icho chiri cha kubwezeretsa mofulumira asilikali mwadzidzidzi ndipo anafunika midzi asilikali. Arakcheev Komanso anayenera kupereka Alexander Pavlovich dongosolo, amene akhoza kuchotsa dziko yolembedwa usilikali achikale.

thandizo bajeti

Ngati bwino kukonza chuma akhoza kupulumutsa pa yokonza zida zosinthira. Ndipotu, anali kukhathamiritsa, kubwezeretsanso bajeti. Mfumu ankafuna redistribute ndalama anamasulidwa ndi kuwatumiza kwa kusintha mu ulimi. Choyamba, Alexander anali ndi nkhawa kuti awombole wamba ku landlords ndi kuwathandiza tichotse serfdom (pambuyo pake zinali kokha Baltic States ndi Finland).

Kodi wina anali kuthandiza midzi asilikali Arakcheev? Chaka ndi chaka, gulu m'munsi asilikali kupitiriza amadwala udindo osauka ndalama ndi kudzipatula kwa banja. Kusintha ayenera kuthetsa boma la zochitika. Mu msasawu lankhondo la asilikali, osati kuti atumikile dziko lake, komanso anali kukhala pafupi ndi banja lake, nthawi yomweyo ndi munda wake. Timatha banja kuchita kulima dziko, mbewu kukula, ndi zina zotero. D. ndi khalidwe labwino la minda wocheperapo msilikali akanakhoza kudyetsa yekha, kwayekha.

Chiyambi cha kusintha

Mu 1810 anapita ku midzi woyamba asilikali. Arakcheev osankhidwa chionetsero ntchito musketeer Regiment m'chigawo Mogilev. Werengerani yekha anayamba dongosolo ndi kuthetsa, kukonza zithunzi ndi zina zotero. D. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kusintha chinali wamba, amene poyamba anakhala padziko lapansi, kumene kunali asilikali amene anali boma lamulo anasamukira ku chigawo chakumwera.

Malinga ndi dongosolo, gulu yekha m'munsi (privates, si analamula akapitawo) anakakhala midzi asilikali. Arakcheev analamula kuyamba kusankha yekha asilikali bwino mu mbiri yabwino. Monga chuma anali kutsogolera banja m'midzi latsopano anapita antchito ambiri m'banja. bachelors ochepa anawalamula kumanga mfundo ndi m'mphawi wamba. Zonsezi boma ngakhale atatopa phindu ndalama kwa osauka monga wapadera, kotero kuti akhoza kukwatiwa ndi kugula zinthu zazing'ono minda yawo. Zachuma ankauzanso zipangizo zaulimi, mbewu ndi ziweto.

Maonekedwe a dongosolo pa pepala ena Alexander pafupifupi kusintha kuyamba ankapitabe, koma mfumu sankalimbana nafe analimbikira (kuti anali achilendo kwa iye unyamata wake). Mfumu ankaganiza kuti ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa midzi ya asilikali, ndi latsopano kalasi chikhalidwe chidzaonekera Russia, umene kuthandiza kukonza owolowa manja la mphamvu anakonza.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya 1812

Chifukwa cha nkhondo zotsatira za 1812 kumayambiriro midzi asilikali unatha. Arakcheev anatha kuona mmene Regiment wake wa Mogilev, woyamba kuyesa kusintha, kumenyana kutsogolo. Iwo anali m'gulu asilikali. Pamene anapulumuka asilikali anabwerera ku tawuni yawo asilikali, kunapezeka kuti anali anagonjetsa mwa wamba. Komanso, waudindo wapamwamba anali alimi osauka. Iwo sanali ozolowera ntchito ya zaulimi.

Zachuma kuyambira agonje kwambiri. Ndiye Mfumu anaganiza kusintha usilikali midzi Arakcheev. Mwachidule, iwo chakuti kuyambira pamene akuluakulu asiya am'thamangitsa kunyumba wamba, pamaso okhala pa dziko, kumene anakakhala Regiment. Komanso, m'midzi yozungulira osati anachoka mu malo kwawo, komanso analembetsa kuthetsa nkhondo. Chakuti kutsegula kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino za chuma - chuma zinayamba kubala mbewu olemera ndi kumanzere kupita Kudzidalira.

oyeretsa

Mu malamulo a mabanja asilikali iwo ankayenera kuti atenge theka la zokolola zawo kwa thumba ambiri (winayo iwo akhoza kutaya pa nzeru zake). Agriculture kupewedwa malamulo okhwima, omwe anali zochokera olakwika Arakcheeva ntchito pa nthaka.

Akuluakulu aboma anali akuyesera kuti andithandizire asilikali mwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pamudzi wa akatulutsidwa atsamunda German kuti wogwidwa zofunika ukatswiri luso. Komabe, ngakhale malangizo awo analibe chochita. Pakutha ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, midzi chaka kupereka rubles 35 miliyoni ndalama, pamene chuma yaikulu pa iwo 26. Koma pa mlingo wa asilikali si mpaka mapeto a ndalama mans.

Mawu a m'gulu m'munsi a moyo

Kusintha wotchuka wa midzi asilikali Arakcheev kumatanthauza mawu atsopano a asilikali utumiki. A wokhala m'midzi kumidzi kupuma pambuyo pa zaka 45. Ngati iyeyo anavulala kumenyana ndi munthu anazindikira anapindula olumala ndi kulandira boma.

Ngati m'mudzi anali ana popanda dziko, kunkhondo, adzawapatsa dzikolo, amene analandira ndi boma. Anthu olumala ku ntchito nthaka anamasulidwa, koma iwo ali nawo ntchito ngati wantchito mu zipatala ndi mabungwe ena onse, kodi ntchito yawo akhoza kubweretsa phindu chikhalidwe.

mabwana ndi asilikali Ubale

Kodi wina zinali zodzaza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa midzi ya asilikali? AA Arakcheev anaumirira chakuti miyoyo ya anthu anafunika malamulo kwathunthu. Ambiri kuyan'anila zazing'ono malamulo ndi malangizo ena koopsa (kuphatikizapo ochita chilango logwirika).

Onse ntchito pa dziko onse olamulidwa ndi akuluakulu. Choncho ngati akulu chifukwa cha ndandanda zolimba analibe nthawi kuphunzitsa ana, ana komanso kwakukulukulu pansi ulamuliro wa boma (mu masukulu ndi mabungwe ena apadera). Kukhala anakulira aakazi kukwatirana malinga ndi chigamulo cha apolisi.

Administration ndi alonda ankasiyana ziphuphu ndi kusafuna wofufuza funso la ulimi. Zinali vuto zokhudza zonse. Creation wa midzi woyamba asilikali motsogozedwa Arakcheev zinachititsa kuti zikatero, chifukwa ngakhale Chiwerengero kapena kudzathandiza zake sizikhala analimbana ndi khalidwe kosaloleka akuluakulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali anayamba kukula wosakhutira.

zachiwawa

Mikangano ambiri zinachititsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa midzi asilikali. Arakcheev mu 1831, analandira uthenga ponena kuti kupanduka anayamba kuchigawo Novgorod. Asilikali ndi patsogolo kuti anali osakhutira ndi maulamuliro, koma tsopano iwo sizilingana manja makonzedwe a. Chifukwa escalation cha mavuto anali kolera mliri. Akuluakulu, kuti kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda, oletsedwa misewu kudutsa European Russia.

mphekesera anayamba kufalitsa ambiri m'midzi asilikali makonzedwe lenilenilo makamaka infects asilikali, chiphe mkate ndi madzi. Kolera zachiwawa kunabuka Staraya Russa. Choyamba, akuluakulu a boma anachita sluggishly kwa chochitikacho, kukhulupirira kuti midzi ya asilikali m'dera amatha ndi wosakhutira. Ndipotu yekha anagalukira unakula. Mu August 1831 mu yimitsira cha zipolowe anapezeka asilikali zonse. Pambuyo zachiwawa anali kuletsedwa foci, ndi kumangidwa anayamba. anthu oposa zikwi zitatu mlandu.

Zikamera m'maboma

Alexander I anafa mu 1825, koma m'malo mwake ndi mng'ono Nicholas Ine, ngakhale dubiousness zonse kusintha, anaganiza zoti asachotse midzi asilikali. Komabe, iye anazindikira kuti chipangizo ndi zoperewera kwathunthu midzi asilikali. Kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake anasankhidwa kukhala ntchito ya kusinthika.

Motero, mu 1831 (monga mwa dongosolo la mfumu), midzi kale asilikali anali lidzasinthidwa asilikali District. Iwo asiya kuti chuma cha regiments lapansi. Anyankhondo anakakhala m'maboma monga malangizo doaleksandrovskim. Mwachitsanzo: mu Novgorod m'maboma chigawo 14 latsopano. Kusintha anali kwakukulukulu malinga ndi zipolowe posachedwapa zapita kolera.

Chiyembekezo chakuti midzi asilikali

Mu 1855 anayamba ulamuliro wa Alexander II. Mfumu anayamba kulamulira mu vuto. Russia anataya Crimea nkhondo, ndipo anauika mavuto azachuma mu dziko. bambo Alexander a Nicholas Ine zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndiwofatsa. Kwa zaka makumi atatu cha ulamuliro wake, pafupi sanasinthe boma ndi dongosolo lankhondo la dziko. Panthawi imeneyi, zimagwirira mwakuchita Alexander Ine, ntchito. Makamaka chifukwa cha ichi, ndipo wataya Crimea nkhondo.

Mwa izi dilapidated nyengo yakale ndi zilembo kunali midzi asilikali Arakcheev. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa dongosolo wakhala analamula kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane kapitawo ndi wolemba wotchedwa Dmitry Stolypin. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anapita ku Caucasus, kumene panthawi imeneyo inali midzi lalikulu lankhondo. The Inspector anaona chithunzi womvetsa chisoni. Anthu wamba ankakhala zinthu zopanikiza kwambiri, ambiri alibe ngakhale ng'ombe. The nyumba zaka zofunika kukonza kuti Zachuma sakanakwanitsa. M'mawu ena, chuma m'midzi asilikali anali opanda pake ndipo anakhala banjalo ndalama. Tikaonanso St. Petersburg, Stolypin nawo kuzipenya wake ndi mfumu. Mu 1857, Alexander II anaganiza kupasula midzi asilikali. Choncho, Arakcheeva kusodza midzi asilikali lilipo kwa zaka 47.