Chitukuko woyamba kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi

Kumayambiriro kwa anthu a kum'mwera kwa Mesopotamiya, umene uli mu nyengo chakale kuti Babulo, amakhala chitukuko woyamba kwambiri pa Dziko Lapansi. Tsopano ndi gawo la Iraq, kuyambira ku Baghdad ku Persian Gulf, dera la okwana pafupifupi 26 zikwi sq M.. Km.

malo ali ndi youma kwambiri ndi otentha nyengo ndi dothi zopsereza ndi ikuwombedwa, nizkoplodorodnymi. Mtsinje mbalambanda, wopanda miyala ndi mchere, m'madambo, yokutidwa ndi bango, ndi anasiya nkhuni - amenewa anali m'dziko zaka zoposa zikwi zitatu zapitazo. Koma anthu okhala m'dera limeneli ndi odziwika padziko lonse monga Sumerians, analengedwa ndi zoopsa ndi akhama Mwaichi, maganizo odabwitsa. Iye anatembenuka m'chigwa opanda moyo mu munda ukufalikira ndipo adalenga zimene kenako adzatchedwa osati monga "chitukuko koyamba Padziko Lapansi."

Magwero a Sumerians

zolondola zokhudza chiyambi cha Sumerians kumeneko. Mpaka pano asayansi-mbiri yakale komanso archeologists zovuta kunena ngati iwo anali anthu choyambirira cha ku Mesopotamiya, kapena anadza ku dziko lino kuchokera kunja. Chimake chachiwiri imatengedwa ngati pangakhale kwambiri. Zimamveka oimira chitukuko akale anabwera kuchokera Zagros Mountains, malo okwera aku Iran , kapena ngakhale India. Sumerians okha wawo unayambira sanalembe chilichonse. Mu 1964 iye anali woyamba angachite kuganizira nkhaniyi ku mbali zosiyanasiyana: zinenero, mafuko, mitundu. Kenako, kufufuza choonadi potsiriza Inabuka zilankhulo kupeza limasonyeza majini Sumeri, malinga panopa lakutali.

The Sumerians, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi chitukuko yoyamba padziko lonse, okha konse otchedwa. Ndipotu mau amenewa akutanthauza m'gawo, kumwera kwa Mesopotamia m'chilankhulo cha atazindikira. The Sumerians amadzitcha kuti "blackheads".

Chinenero cha Sumerians

Akatswiri chimatanthauza chinenero Chisumeriya monga agglutinative. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mapangidwe mitundu ndi ena ofanana ndi powonjezera affixes lomveka. chilankhulo Chisumeriya inkakhala makamaka mawu monosyllabic, n'kovuta kuyerekeza anali angati - phokoso lomwelo, koma amasiyana tanthauzo. Mu mabuku akale, monga asayansi, pali zikwi zitatu. Pankhaniyi mawu oposa 100 ntchito nthawi 1-2 okha, ndipo nthawi zambiri ntchito ya 23.

Monga tanenera kale, chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za chinenero - kuchuluka kwa homonyms. Ambiri mwina, panali dongosolo wachuma wa malankhulidwe ndi phokoso laryngeal, zomwe ndi zovuta kuwerenga tchati cha mapale. Komanso, chitukuko koyamba Padziko Lapansi anali m'zilembo awiri. chilankhulo zolembalemba (eme-gir) lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo ansembe anati chinenero chinsinsi (eme-sal) tinalandira kwa makolo awo ndipo mwachidziwikire osati kamvekedwe.

Chisumeriya anali mkhalapakati ndipo wakhala ntchito m'dziko lonse la kum'mwera kwa Mesopotamiya. Choncho, si chotengera ndi ethnically woimira anthu wakale umenewu.

kulemba

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulemba Chisumeriya amakhalabe maganizo. Komabe, dziwani kuti iwo ali nazo wangwiro ndi lidzasinthidwa zakale. Iwo anayamikira luso la kulemba ndi monga maonekedwe ake chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi chitukuko awo. Zikuoneka kuti pa chiyambi cha mbiri ya kulemba si dongo ntchito, ndi zina, zinthu mosavuta anawonongedwa. Choncho, zambiri atayika.

Chitukuko woyamba kwambiri padziko lapansi pamaso pa Khristu, kukhala opanda tsankho, walenga dongosolo yakeyake kulemba. Dongosololi unali wautali ndi zovuta. Ancient ojambula zithunzi akuonetsedwa insa - ndi luso uthenga? Ngati iye pa thanthwe, m'madera ambiri a nyama, iwo adzakhala uthenga wonse kwa comrades wake. Lembali limati: "Pali zambiri mbawala" ndipo chotero zidzakhala kusaka wabwino. Uthenga tikhoza zina zithunzi. Mwachitsanzo, tiyenera kuwonjezera mkango, ndi kale anachenjeza kuti: ". Pali zambiri insa, koma pali ngozi" gawo umenewu imatengedwa sitepe yoyamba kwa chilengedwe cha kulemba. Yosintha kanjedza, zimatithandiza ndipo anayamba kuvala khalidwe chojambula. Mu M'chithunzithunzi munakwanisa kuona mmene kusinthika izi zinachitika. Anthu aona kuti nkwapafupi kuchita pa dongo zidindo nzimbe ndodo, kudzatunga. Atapita onse adzakhale.

The wakale Sumerians - chitukuko woyamba pa dziko lapansi, zomwe wabweza analemba. Zolemba inkakhala otchulidwa mazana angapo, kwambiri ntchito anali 300. Ambiri a iwo makhalidwe chinachake chofanana. Zolemba ntchito Mesopotamia pafupifupi 3000 zaka.

anthu achipembedzo

Ntchito milungu yosiyanasiyana Chisumeriya angayerekezedwe ndi Assembly, mutu umene unali wapamwamba "mfumu". msonkhano amenewa lidagawikana zina m'magulu. Waukulu wa iwo chikudziwika ngati "Amulungu Wamkulu", ndipo inkakhala 50 milungu. Ndiko kuti, malinga ndi zithunzi za Sumerians, kupereka tsogolo la anthu.

Malinga ndi nthano za anthu akale, munthu analengedwa kuchokera ku dothi, wothira mwazi wa milungu. Chilengedwe kumaphatikizapo maiko awiri (chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi) ankasiyana dziko. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti masiku amenewo panali Chisumeriya nthano ya Chigumula. Komanso, ife tisanati anamva ndakatulo imene limatiuza za kulengedwa kwa dziko, Makanema munthu amene kwambiri intersect ndi Mkhristu kachisi chachikulu - Baibulo. Mwachitsanzo, zinayendera, makamaka chilengedwe cha munthu pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Anachita mkangano waukulu choncho chipembedzo kugwirizana achikunja ndi Chikhristu.

chikhalidwe

Chikhalidwe Chisumeriya ndi chimodzi mwa chidwi kwambiri ndi kumpanga weniweni pakati pa mitundu ina okhala Mesopotamia. Ndi lachitatu Zakachikwi BC , zinafika pachimake. Anthu anakhalako Mkuwa Age, ndi zimayesetsa ng'ombe kuswana ndi ulimi, nsomba. Pang'onopang'ono m'malo ndi ulimi yekha zamanja: mbiya anayamba akuponya, kuluka ndi makampani mwala kudula.

Mbali khalidwe la zomangamanga ndi: yomanga nyumba pa chitunda yokumba, kufalitsidwa padziko zipinda bwalo, wosiyana ndi khoma ndi niches ofukula ndi kuyambitsa kwa mtundu. Awiri a manda chidwi kwambiri pa ntchito yomanga yaikulu ya 4 zikwi. BC. e. - akachisi mu Uruk.

Akatswiriwa anapeza zambiri zosemasema: ziboliboli, zithunzi mabwinja a miyala makoma, ziwiya, katundu zitsulo. Onse a iwo anapanga ndi luso lalikulu. Kuti pali chisoti chachifumu chagolide (onani chithunzi)! Mmodzi wa zoyambitsidwa chidwi kwambiri za Sumerians - kusindikiza. Iwo akamachita anthu, nyama lachidule kuchokera tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kumayambiriro Dynastic nthawi: Gawo 1

Apa ndi pamene zakale chenicheni chinali unakhazikitsidwa kale, - zaka 2750-2600 BC. e. Nthawiyi amakhala ndi kuli chiwerengero chachikulu cha mzinda-limati, likulu amene anali kasamalidwe lalikulu kachisi. Kunja uko bolshesemeynye ammudzi. Waukulu ntchito yopindulitsa kuyala otchedwa makasitomala kachisi amene amakumana lamanja la umwini. Munali kale mtsogoleri wauzimu ndi ndale anthu - atsogoleri a asilikali ndi ansembe ndi moyenera, anamuperekeza awo.

anthu wakale maganizo kwambiri komanso wina katswiri talente. M'masiku amenewo, anthu afika kuthirira lingaliro la kufufuza n'zotheka kusonkhanitsa ndi kutsogolera njanji matope madzi a Firate ndi Tigirisi. Zawachitikira nthaka m'minda ndi minda organic, iwo awonjezera zokolola zake. Koma ntchito yaikulu kwambiri amadziwika kuti amafuna lalikulu ntchito mphamvu. Chitukuko woyamba padziko lapansi ankadziwa bwino ukapolo Komanso zinali mtchatho.

Imathamanga kuli 14 Mizinda Chisumeriya nthawi imeneyi. Komanso, ambiri otukuka ndi wolemera, ndi mwambo anali Nippur, kumene kunali kachisi wa mulungu wamkulu - Enlil.

Kumayambiriro Dynastic nthawi: Gawo 2

Nthawiyi (2600-2500 gg. BC. E.) amakhala ndi nkhondo. Century anayamba kugonjetsedwa kwa mkulu wa mzinda wa Kisi, zomwe mwina zinachititsa kuwukira Ayelami - okhala boma wakale m'dera la masiku ano Iran. Kum'mwera, mgwirizano asilikali asonkhane mizinda yambiri-nomes. Pali chizolowezi centralize mphamvu.

Kumayambiriro Dynastic nthawi: Gawo 3

Mu gawo lachitatu la Early Dynastic nthawi, zaka 500 pambuyo nthawi pamene chitukuko yoyamba padziko lonse (malinga ndi mfundo za ofukula), kukula ndi chitukuko cha mzinda-limati, ndi mtolo pali anthu, kukula kwa zotsutsana chikhalidwe. Pa mfundo imeneyi, kulimbikitsa kulimbana mphamvu ya olamulira polynomials. A nkhondo asilikali m'malo ndi wina kufunafuna hegemony zonse za mzindawo. Mu umodzi epics drevneshumerskih, chibwenzi ku 2600 BC. E., Anati pophatikizana a Sumer pansi pa ulamuliro wa Gilgamesh - mfumu ya Uruk. ambiri a boma anagonjetsedwa ndi mfumu ya Akkad Pambuyo zaka mazana awiri.

Kupeza mphamvu Babulo odzipereka Sumer pakati pa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC. e., monga chinenero Chisumeriya wataya udindo wa kale analankhula. Komabe, ngakhale kwa zaka zikwi zingapo anakhalabe monga mabuku. Izi ndi pafupifupi nthawi pamene Chisumeriya chitukuko unatha monga mapangidwe coherent ndale.

Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kupeza nkhani kuti nthano Atlantis - ichi ndi chitukuko woyamba padziko lapansi. Atlanta, mmenemo, ndiwo akutoma kwa anthu amakono. Komabe, ambiri a dziko sayansi adzaitana mfundo imeneyi kanthu koposa zopeka, nkhani wokongola. Inde, chaka chilichonse pa nkhani Africa chachinsinsi amapeza zinthu zatsopano, koma alibe reinforcements aliyense mabuku a mbiri yakale kapena zofukulidwa m'mabwinja.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, anthu ambiri phokoso maganizo chitukuko woyamba padziko lapansi unachokera mu zana lachinayi BC, ndipo ilo linali Sumerians.