Ophunzira maulendo nyanja ku Scandinavia. Amtundu wa Scandinavia - ophunzira maulendo nyanja

Scandinavia chilumba - m'madera ambiri kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Amadziwika mu mbiri monga malo amene Scandinavia. Koma Scandinavia wakhala malo kumene kupita msasa ndi wotchuka apaulendo ndi ofufuza za masiku ano.

Amene anali Scandinavia?

Scandinavia - gulu la maulendo nyanja ku Scandinavia. asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anali Scandinavia ku Russia wotchedwa Scandinavia, ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya - ndi Normandy. Iwo yotchuka ngati ofufuza olimba mtima otulukira m'mayiko ambiri. Pa zomwezi kunena agonjetsi ndi wankhanza ndi achifwamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo Scandinavia anali odziwa amalonda.

Zimayambitsa maulendo nyanja

M'madzi squads Scandinavia ulendo zifukwa zingapo. The choyamba - kufunafuna malo oyenera processing, amene kumpoto kwa Ulaya sikokwanira. Development malo atsopano pano wakhala kugwirizana ndi ntchito yaikulu yoyeretsa miyala, Ndidzawazula mitengo ndi zitsamba. Ndipo ndithudi, iwo ankafuna kupeza yabwino ndi lachonde dziko.

Chifukwa chachiwiri - malonda. The Scandinavia anali woyamba malonda ndi kumpoto ndi mitundu kum'mwera. Osati kanthu kuti panali njira "ku Scandinavia ndi Ahelene."

Ndipo chifukwa chachitatu - kuwina kutchuka ndi ulemerero. Zinali zofunika kwambiri pa nthawi imene ufulu wa olamulira osankhidwa - mafumu. Pofuna kusunga mphamvu manja awo, iwo anali kupeza mwayi Anthuwa, kaya kudzera malonda kapena kuba nyanja. Iwo anafunika kupeza malo abwino kwa yosamutsa cha anthu ake ndi kuwateteza ku kuukira akunja ndi awo "anzake".

Viking Age

History Amakumbukira mayina a Scandinavia wotchuka Denmark. Hastings ichi, kubweretsa mantha France ndi Italy, Rollo - Kalonga loyamba Normandy, ndi ena.

Pankhondo Normandy chiyani kuwopsyeza ngakhale mutu Karla Velikogo. Ophunzira nyanja maulendo ku Scandinavia anaonekera zonse pa gombe la France, kuyambira zaka 799. Karl, amene analenga lalikulu Wachifulanki unali akuda nkhawa za Viking anawazunza. njira kumapangitsanso gombe anatengedwa pa malangizo ake. Mu madoko onse nyanja ndi pa pakamwa pa mitsinje yodutsira anayikidwa cruisers kuteteza maonekedwe a mdani. Anamanga magalimoto chifukwa makhoti asilikali. Akubwera mu madoko ambiri oletsedwa ndi unyolo.

Kenako, pamene misonkhano ochuluka a Scandinavia ku Ulaya, looting wa Rouen ndiponso mizinda ina zambiri, anapezeka kuti n'kosavuta kusiya mbali zina za Scandinavia pa gombe ndi kuwapanga iwo zokometsera m'dziko anawazunza nyanja. Mwambo umenewu watsimikizira kukhala aluso.

Mu 966, Mfumu ya Norway Harald Bluetooth Chikristu. Kumbuyo kwake anabatizidwa ndi ankhondo ake. Kuti Scandinavia Akristu kenako anagwira ufumu mu England, pa mpando wachifumu anatsimikizira Svein Forkbeard. Ndipo mu 1130 Normann Rozher II pampando wachifumu wa Ufumu wa Sicily. Dalitso la Papa anatha kuphatikiza ndi Scandinavia umwini, yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa Italy ndi Sicily.

Duke William - mbadwa ya Rollo cha Normandy - anagonjetsa achingelezi King Harold II pa Nkhondo ya Hastings. Iye anakhala mfumu ya England ndi odziwika monga William Mgonjetsi.

Umu ndi mmene gulu Maulendo nyanja ku Scandinavia pang'onopang'ono anakhazikika m'dziko anagonjetsa, iwo adalowa ubwenzi ndi anthu otchuka m'derali ndipo ngakhale analandira mphamvu wachifumu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 11 pankhondo Viking kukwera pafupi kutha.

Viking akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale

Koma nyengo Viking zinali zodzaza ndi yaikulu atulukira lawolawo. Makamaka kupezeka Greenland ndipo m'munsi mwa kuthetsa woyamba m'menemo Eirik ginger wodula bwino (Eirik Torvaldsonom). Anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo ndi banja lake ku Norway, kenako anathawira ku Iceland anaopseza vendetta, iye anapita ku Atlantic Ocean kumadzulo. Pambuyo ankafika pamalo oonekera ya gombe kumene anapeza wa chisumbucho, Erik Yofiira anakhazikitsa midzi iwiri. Tsambali iye anapereka dzina "Green Land", anadzatchedwa ndi Greenland chilumba chonse, ngakhale ayezi pachikuto pake.

Atsamunda kukhazikitsa malonda ndi dziko la kwawo. Pali anagwira tsitsi zimbalangondo, nkhandwe, canines walrus, mafuta chinsomba, ndi mosemphanitsa - mu Greenland akusowa mtengo, tirigu, chitsulo minofu.

Ana Erik - Leif (dzina "Odala") ndi Torvald - anadza ku Scandinavia, gulu maulendo nyanja. maina awo analembedwa atulukira America zaka zisanu pamaso Columbus.

Pamene Leif anabwerera ku Norway kuti Greenland, iye agwidwa mu mkuntho. Bwinobwino wapabanja chombo anafika tsidya, ndi amalinyero anaona mapiri okutidwa ndi mphesa zam'tchire, chilombo munda wa tirigu. Izo zinali mu chaka 999. m'dziko la Vinland - m'dziko la mphesa, anakweza nyengo zawo ofunda, nkhalango zonse za masewera, ndi lachonde.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti atabwerera ku Greenland iwo anayankhula za mayiko aona. Mawu za latsopano wolemera dziko chidwi Torfinn Karlsefni, amene 1003 anatumiza kukaona kuti Vinland. Kangapo atacita ankafika Labrador ichi, Newfoundland, pambuyo yozizira anafika Vinland. Apa Scandinavia anakumana ndi anthu a m'deralo. msonkhano wachiwiri inatha mu kugunda ndi. Mu 1006 Karlsefni anabwerera ku Greenland.

Popeza America anatulukira ndi Scandinavia, koma ndiye njira Vinland linasiyidwa. Azungu anatenga theka Zakachikwi ku Columbus kachiwiri inawatsegukira Dziko Latsopano.

"Kuitana ku Scandinavia"

Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri, chiyambi cha boma Russian aziika Scandinavia - ndi Scandinavia. "Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" limatiuza kuti kusiya oimira mkangano wa Asilavo ndi mafuko Chifinishi anapita kokayenda ku Scandinavia, kumene amatchedwa Rurik kulamulira.

Akukhulupirira kuti Rurik anabwera Russia ndi abale ake - ndi Truvor Sineus. Kenako iye anayamba kulamulira yekha, choyamba Staraya Ladoga, ndiye anayambitsa Novgorod. Iye anapita ku Rurik mafumu.

maulendo ophunzira nyanja ku Scandinavia masiku ano

Viking mzimu akukhalabe mitima ya Scandinavians. Mwina Choncho mwa maina a apaulendo chachikulu chakuti ambiri Norway ndi Denmark.

mndandandawo adzatsegulidwa ndi dzina la Fridtjof Nansen, wotchuka wapaulendo kumalo ozizira. Iye ndi wodziwika chifukwa choyamba oyenda Kuoloka kwa Greenland ndi ulendo ku North Pole, imene inatha mu kulephera.

Roald Amundsen - lalikulu wofufuza kumalo ozizira, munthu amene anapeza South Pole, yoyamba kukaona mizati onse a dziko (pamodzi ndi Adolf Oscar Oscar Wisting), wapanga ulendo kuposa wina ku Arctic ndi madzi Antarctic.

Wotchuka Thor Heyerdahl - ndi m'malo woyenera kwa Scandinavia kuwoloka nyanja zombo, amatsatira pa njira wakale wa panyanja.

Carsten Borchgrevink amene ankaphunzira Antarctica, anakhala mtsogoleri wa chisanu woyamba pa Africa achisanu.

Pakati amalinyero Russian sapeza mbadwa za Scandinavia. Vitus Bering, kusambira khwalala kulekanitsa Europe ndi ku Asia ku North America, kwawo kunali ku Denmark.

Amenewa ndi ena mwa maina a anthu ofufuza - anthu ku Scandinavia, ana a oyendetsa wotchuka agonjetsi.