Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20: chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma

History kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20 adzasinthe malangizo ake kuti: zikuluzikulu kukhala mafakitale, rationalism dziko lawo. Ngakhale amakhala "chitukuko" ukasintha amasintha tanthauzo lake. Panali ntchito za anthu odziwika bwino Karl Marx, amene chitukuko lonse la anthu ndi inextricably zogwirizana masuku pamutu wa mwamuna.

Ulyanov-Lenin, mu nthawi yomweyo, ananena kuti chitukuko ichi ndi zotheka pa nthawi imene exploiters adzakhala inawonongedwa. Mwachidule, inali nthawi yovuta. Kodi yodziwika Russia wathu kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20? Mbiri ya dziko pa nthawi imeneyi chisoni, zovuta zonse zotsutsana amapha.

Kuopsa latsopano kuti dziko

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka, kukhalapo wonse wa anthu wabwera pansi funso lalikulu, chifukwa prerequisites kwa nkhondo koopsa kwambiri mbiri yake. M'njira zambiri zinachitika chifukwa chakuti bizinesi anabwera siteji ya okhawo. opanga Large pang'onopang'ono ndi olamulira mbadwa, panali merging ubiquitous mumzindamo. Zofuna za amalonda ena anayamba kumvera osati chuma, komanso ulamuliro wa limati ambiri.

Mwatsoka, Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20, amakhala kuthawa ndondomeko. N'kofunika kwambiri kuona kuti likulu okhawo wakhala anapanga dziko lathu chifukwa zinthu zotsatirazi: Choyamba, tinganene kuti bizinesi ku Russia panali mochedwa; kachiwiri, ntchito za chitukuko m'goli la dziko; Kachitatu, izo lofotokozabe chilungamo zonse antchito ndi amphawi wosanjikiza anali kukula kulekana pakati pa strata chikhalidwe cha dziko.

Kodi chinachitika mu moyo chikhalidwe nyengo?

Mu chikhalidwe ndi dongosolo la ndale za kusintha pang'onopang'ono koma kwambiri zachitika Russia. Social Kapangidwe ka anthu anali sakanikira kwambiri. Anthu otchuka, ngakhale kuti ndi ochepa, komabe anapitiriza kuti asankhe anthu maudindo onse kasamalidwe. Koma mu nthawi ya ife kufotokoza olemekezeka mofunitsitsa kwambiri anapitiriza kukhudzana ndi bourgeoisie lapansi.

Izi Russia ankasiyana kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20. Mwachidule kukambirana nkhaniyi, Ndizachidziwikire kuti, "pa mphepete" wa gulu chosintha a anthu wamba anali kupita, koma izo siziri. Chifukwa chiyani?

Osachepera 80% ya anthu amenewa anali anthu wamba. Mchikakamizo cha zochita capitalist dongosolo awo anayamba sakanikira: mozungulira 20% ya okwana opangidwa kudzikundikira chuma ndi dziko n'kukhala, kwenikweni ndi analogue a nzika yaing'ono; koma anthu ambiri njira ya moyo zogwirizana ndi zaka za m'ma 15-16 wamoyo.

Pakati pawo anatuluka nambala yaikulu ogwira ntchito amene amangokhalira ankakolezera moyo wa m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Koma alimi onse, mosaganizira "mitundu", ogwirizana funso agrarian. Ndipotu, anamangiriridwa dziko lawo, amene anatembenuka mozungulira imfa bwinja ngakhale olemera pakati pa iwo. Kotero kuti anthu wamba anali ndi chidwi wamng'onong'ono mu kusokonekera lalikulu okhudzidwa: iwo sitilowerera ndale, iwo sali chidwi mawu mokweza. Onse amene asintha pa Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, pamene levies okhazikika ndi ngongole boma kuika ambiri a iwo pa zobvuta kupulumuka.

Koma bourgeoisie, iwo anayamba mawu kachulukidwe, koma udindo a ndale a stratum izi chikhalidwe anali negligible. Udindo wake unali wosapita: waukulu komanso bourgeoisie anakhulupirika kwa mphamvu autocratic, pamene ang'ono ndi sing'anga anaitana kusintha zazing'ono mu moyo ndale za dziko.

kalasi ntchito

Choyipitsitsa cha zonse zofunika kalasi ntchito. Ndi 1913, antchito wapangidwa za 20% ya anthu, ndi zinthu pa moyo wawo ndi ntchito zina kwenikweni "bestial" woipa mtima. Ndipotu mpaka 1906, palibe amene chidwi kuti mwanjira kuteteza ufulu wawo. Choncho Russia 19-20 zaka, kutali ku Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 18. Mfundo za ulimi, kusowa zipangizo ndi kusalabadira moyo ...

Zofunika! Ngakhale kuti tsopano ambiri Western ndi ovomereza-Western mbiri yakale kunena, ngakhale ogwira ntchito Ulaya ndi United States anali ndi moyo wabwino ndipo kantchito, si choncho: kupititsa patsogolo proletariat Western chinachitika pambuyo 1917, pamene boma, mantha ndi mwayi lenileni la kusimidwa pansi pa anthu, anamuika madalitso ambiri.

akuluakulu a boma

Payokha, ziyenera kuti mu nyengo moyo ndipo anayamba malamulo stratum chikhalidwe. Ndipotu, ndi anthu awa ankalamulidwa ndi Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20. Chifukwa cha akuluakulu a boma Russian anapanga okhawo, pamene malangizo ngakhale ang'ono pa zofuna za dziko anaikidwa chotengera "awo" makampani, amene nthawi zambiri kukambapo mtengo wa ntchito ndi ambiri nthawi.

Makamaka bwino kunachokera malamulo okhawo kwa mabanki: anapatsa ngongole yabwino yokha makampani wake omwewo, zomwe kwambiri angaletsedwe chitukuko cha makampani ndi kupanga. Choncho, wosanjikiza izi chimakhudzana ndi lalikulu bourgeoisie mwininyumba ndi anthu otchuka, zinthu ndiotetezedwa kulikonse. Izi Russia ankasiyana kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20. chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma mu mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya anapita mofulumira kwambiri, chifukwa m'mayikowa mabanki ndi zambiri okonzeka kupereka ndalama kwa gawo payekha ndi industrialists wamng'ono, yemwe akanakhoza kulenga ndi kuyesa njira zatsopano yopanga.

atsogoleri

Guwalo linali gulu lina mwayi. Akuti amayenera kutsatira makhalidwe a anthu, koma kwenikweni kunapezeka kuti atsogoleri achipembedzo anali pachibwenzi mwapadera kawiri kuthandiza autocracy. Ambiri, Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20 kunali dziko, ndi zodabwitsa ya makolo akale ndipo achipembedzo. Mpingo akupitiriza pa maganizo a anthu wamba osaphunzira amadza yaikulu.

Zikamera ndi luntha

wosanjikiza Ichi ndi wapadera monga anapanga wa magulu ena, ndi pa amene adali nawo kumangako ku chigawo osiyana zachuma. Nthawi zambiri, anzeru ndi zoweta chodabwitsa chikhalidwe chimene makamaka kuonekera yekha mu nthawi ya Alexander II.

Mobwerezabwereza, akatswiri ambiri m'mabuku awo amanena kuti Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20, anabwera "phompho la ulimi" kokha chifukwa cha kalasi, koma mfundo imeneyi sanali. Oddly zokwanira, koma aluntha nthawi kuti anali wamphamvu kutali malingaliro chosintha. M'malo mwake, anthu a wosanjikiza izi amapereka lingaliro la demokalase, ndipo ankalimbikitsa kwa kusintha ndi kusintha kwa wosanjikiza umoyo ndale popanda mwadzidzidzi, wamagazi chipwirikiti.

Chinthu china n'chakuti oyambirira mzaka zana makumi awiri, ophunzira ambiri, kumverera kuthedwa nzeru zawo linene kusintha kwenikweni, afika atiyese chiwawa "choyipa zofunika", popanda imene sadzatha kuchita.

Udindo wa likulu yachilendo

Monga lerolino, Russia wakhala chandamale wokongola kwa ndalama zakunja, ngati nkhokwe yaikulu zopangira ndi ntchito pafupifupi ufulu amaloledwa kulandira phindu kwambiri popanda mtengo kwambiri. Izi zikachitika, likulu yachilendo mwachangu spliced kuti zoweta, amene anathandiza kuti patsogolo zina mwa nduna ndi stratification chikhalidwe.

Choncho, chimene icho chinali Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20? Mwachidule, zinali dziko ndi zosaneneka stratification ndi zachuma a anthu, kusoŵa chidwi mu mabwalo ulamuliro wa kusintha weniweni ndi kusintha. Pa nthawi yomweyo, dziko kwambiri adamfunsa wamakono mwamsanga ndi mafakitale. Kuthera zonsezi zinali mu m'mudzi, anthu ndiwofatsa, ndi zonse ndi aakulu kuchepa kwa ndalama ku thumba.

Mavuto mwa mawu a zotsutsana

Pambuyo vuto la 1900-1903, dziko linali "pa nyemba," panalibe ndalama konse. Nkhondo ndi nongole Japan anauka kwa rubles golide biliyoni anayi. Powombetsa m'masiku amenewo chabe zosaneneka. boma anayesa kuchepetsa kuchepekedwa kwa bajeti boma ndi kuwonjezeka katundu msonkho, kuchepetsa ndalama mapulogalamu chuma, ankhondo ndi chikhalidwe. Ndalama kwa nthawi analola kusunga chuma wolimba, ndizo basi madzulo wa First World nkhondo, malipiro pachaka rubles mamiliyoni 450.

Ndipotu yekha mpumulo ngongole ndi boma la Nicholas analowa nkhondo pa mbali ya Entente. Khwelero kudwala-pakati, zinachititsa kuti zotsatira zoopsa. Ndicho chimene anali yodziwika ndi Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20: chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma anapita pa mayendedwe nkhono za, anatsimikiziranso kuti ndi mtundu mu mbalume za m'ma zapitazo, akuluakulu a boma anachita kwambiri pang'onopang'ono ndi mopepuka.

"Golosale nkhani"

Kodi kupereka mankhwala Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20? Agriculture anayamba njira yaikulu kwambiri, anthu wamba analibe ngakhale njira wosazindikira, dziko lonse sakanati anaimba ndi awiri mathirakitala. Zokolola anali otsika, koma pa dziko msika, Russia sanali kukonda: iye anali kugulitsa Zinatumiza tirigu pa mitengo m'thumba, chokambirana weniweni Kutaya. Izi tirigu anthu underserved m'chigawo cha milandu njala zinali chinthu bwino.

Choncho Russia anakhala kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20: chuma zinali zochokera masuku pamutu mosadziletsa chuma wotchipa anthu, mafakitale anali chokhazikika pa ang'onoang'ono achilendo amene "odzipereka" Akuluakulu a yemweyo, chifukwa mu chitukuko chenicheni pafupifupi palibe.

Lamulo mkati mwa boma

Lonse Politika Nikolaya inamangidwa pa mfundo mphamvu zazikulu. Dongosolo lonse la boma udaikidwa kuonetsetsa kuti Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20 (mbiri yasonyeza fallacy njira iyi) anapitiriza kukhala dziko autocratic. Against maziko awa, chikudziwikabe kuzamitsa phangali chikhalidwe pakati pa zigawo zosiyana za dziko Russian.

nzika wakale kulandira dziko labwino, pamene anthu wamba anakumbatirana mu onyozeka wambiri mmphepete. Akuluakulu anakhalabe magombe ake ndi mtengo wa ulimi ndi pafupifupi wakubayu ka dziko lake, ndipo anali makampani weniweni.

Yambani refocusing pa opanga zoweta

Kuti anali Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20. makhalidwe General angakupangeni lingaliro kuti boma anachita kanthu kukhalabe kupangidwa. Mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri izi analidi choncho, koma ndi nthawi zinthu zinayamba kusintha. Kwambiri pang'onopang'ono, koma patsogolo anali.

Choncho, tariff mwapang'onopang'ono (1891), mu 1900-1903, boma anayesa kuthandiza makampani zoweta ndi dongosolo banki (mukhoza kuoneratu kumene ndalama anapita) polima. boma anayesa ngakhale kulamulira kayendedwe nascent osauka ndi ogwira ntchito, kukonza wamphumphu wawo.

kusintha ndale

Mu 1905, potsiriza Constitutional-Democratic Party unakhazikitsidwa pa chilengedwe amene analimbikira progressives onse panthawi imeneyo. Party kuti "kukankha" lingaliro kulenga yamalamulo ndi zipinda ziwiri, komanso kubwezeretsa mfundo zidayika kusintha zotuluka 1864 chaka.

The parliamentarians anafuna chiyembekezo chakuti lathunthu la chiombolo malipiro alimi (a chidina woona ukapolo m'ma 20!), Nkhani kufalitsidwa m'dziko akufunikira izo, anaganiza kuletsa yowonjezera, nonnormable ntchito antchito, komanso kukakamira kumayambiriro weniweni udindo milandu amalonda amene akuphwanya chakudya cha Act ntchito.

Kuti anali Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20 (chidule). Kalasi 9 sekondale sukulu kuphunzira nkhani yomweyo, koma yophunzitsa amapereka Khadili chosakwanira zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zinachititsa kuti zosokonezeka kwambiri chikhalidwe cha nthawi.