Kapangidwe ndale za boma: mitundu, modes

States amasiyana osati kukula, anthu, mlingo wa moyo wa nzika. bungwe lawo mkati akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri. ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa dongosolo la ndale la dziko chiyani? ndi Matupi awo ndi modes wa kutulutsidwa mu chiphunzitso amakono a boma chiyani? Izi m'nkhani ino.

Kodi boma?

Boma - ndi Mipikisano faceted buku m'gulu, umene ukugwira kuphunzira angapo amalanga sayansi, ku madera kwa Chaanthu. Mosiyana ndi dera linalake kapena dziko lawolawo, izo labwino mapangidwe molimba wazotsatira kuzindikira kukhala umboni kuposa chinthu chenicheni cha kuphunzira.

The chodabwitsa cha boma, zawo pandale, boma - mafunso ovuta maganizo a anthu ambiri anzeru ndi asayansi zosiyanasiyana nthawi zakale. Choncho, kuphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana boma zikugwira anzeru monga Aristotle ndi Plato, Foma Akvinsky ndi Confucius, Dzhon Lokk, ndi Herbert Spencer.

The wakale Plato zoyenera vuto mmodzi mwa ntchito zake (dialogues) pansi pa dzina chomwecho "The State". Mu ntchito ino mungapeze mfundo zina zochititsa chidwi kuti simunataye kufunika awo lero. Mwachitsanzo, iye ananena kuti mutu wa mphamvu ayenera kukhala nzeru ena anzeru, chifukwa chokha chimene iwo angakhoze bwino kusamalira wene. Plato komanso si kutikonda kwambiri mtundu ndale chipangizo demokalase. Democracy anaitana chilungamo ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ulamuliro ambiri ochita zoipa.

The mbali ndi ntchito za boma

State - izi ndi zovuta zinthu zokhudza, mfundo yomwe akhoza kupangidwa kudzera mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro. A okwana asanu ndi awiri;

• mosamalitsa limasonyeza ku dera linalake danga;
• kumatanthauza anthu;
• pamaso pa akuluakulu a boma ndi malamulo (kakhalidwe);
• Pali dongosolo la matupi yazamalamulo ndipo ngalawa, kutsatira kukhazikitsa lamulo;
• Army kukhalapo;
• ntchito nzika za dongosolo misonkho;
• kuli boma ulamuliro (ufulu).

Kuchokera pa makhalidwe amenewa, boma ayenera kugwira ntchito zingapo zoti:

• ndale;
• chuma;
• ena;
• kumbuyo;
• yazamalamulo;
• chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ndiponso ena.

M'nkhaniyi, tiona mwatsatanetsatane choyamba pa ntchito izi, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mitundu ndi modes dongosolo la ndale za dziko. Amene ali otchuka kwambiri masiku ano?

Kapangidwe ndale za boma ndi mawonekedwe amafotokoza

asayansi ena ofufuza nzeru ndi anzeru m'njira zosiyanasiyana imawunikidwa udindo wa boma. Nthawi zina Ziwerengero awa anali kumalo ozizira poyerekezera ndi mzake. Choncho, Vladimir Lenin ankanena kuti "boma - ndi zida za chiwawa manja a kalasi olamulira." Koma odziwika bwino Russian existentialist Nikolay Berdyaev ankadziwa kuti boma limalola padziko lapansi moyo wa munthu sabwerera mu gehena mtheradi.

Ndiyeno, ndi mawu ena mofanana ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo. Mogwira ayankhidwa m'nkhani ino, maphunziro mwachuluka amadalira mawonekedwe enieni a dongosolo la ndale za dziko. Inde, m'mayiko ena a dziko, tikuona kuti olamulira kwenikweni kuyesera kugwira ntchito kwa anthu. M'mayiko ena mphamvu wagawo yekha mtopola ndi amagwiritsa nzika.

Social ndi andale - ndi ndondomeko ndi nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha gulu la mphamvu mu dziko. Pamafunikanso mtundu dongosolo boma ndi ndale.

Mawonekedwe a dongosolo ndale - ndi njira ya gulu la dziko ndi m'zigawozo boma. Imakhala kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabwenzi ena pakati chapakati ndi dera akuluakulu (wamba).

andale chingabwere m'njira zitatu. Ndi unitary boma, chitaganya ndi chitaganya.

Unitary amati: makhalidwe ndi zizindikiro

Mu boma unitary kumvetsa nyumba imeneyi ndale za dziko limene mayunitsi payekha utsogoleri alibe ulamuliro. Mwa makhalidwe waukulu mawonekedwe ndi zotsatirazi:

• ndi nzika limodzi ndi dongosolo malamulo;
• utsogoleri dziko ku likulu (likulu);
• logwirizana ndalama msonkho dongosolo;
• logwirizana ankhondo;
• zizindikiro boma ambiri - mbendera, chizindikiro ndi nyimbo.

Mu sayansi yamakono ndale zimatulutsa mitundu yambiri ya limati unitary. Ali:

• mosamalitsa centralized;
• decentralized.

limati Unitary akhoza wapangidwa ndi chimodzi (Zitsanzo: Tajikistan, Ukraine) kapena kudziyimira pawokha kwambiri (Zitsanzo: Moldova, Spain).

Mbali kachulukidwe mu Masiku ano chimakhala chogwidwa boma unitary. Izi akuonekera pa mapu kumene amalembedwa mu buluu. Monga ulamuliro, ndi ang'ono m'dera dziko ndi predominance wa mtundu umodzi. Ngakhale pali kuchotserapo pakati pawo. Mmodzi wa iwo - China, amene wapangidwa ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya kudziyimira pawokha.

Federal amati: makhalidwe ndi zizindikiro

Federation - njira yapadera ndale, mu mbali munthu wa boma ndi ulamuliro umene chili mwalamulo. mawu ali mizu Latin ndipo limatanthauza "wogwirizana" kapena "wogwirizana".

Imodzi mwa zizindikilo za boma boma ndi otchedwa iwiri malamulo. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Malamulo ungapangitse onse boma ndi dera. Mu nkhani iyi, ngongole anatengedwa pa mlingo wa nzika munthu wa boma, sayenera zikutsutsana ndi malamulo feduro.

Mu federations, monga ulamuliro, pali yamtundu umodzi Komabe, dongosolo msonkho angakhale wapawiri njira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nkhani yeniyeni ya boma ali ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa kapena dera lawo bajeti ndi kuonetsetsa ndalama zake.

dziko kusiyanitsa ofananira ndi asymmetric chitaganya. Woyamba mabungwe Kupititsa ndi ufulu wofanana, koma yachiwiri udindo wawo zimasiyanasiyana.

Federation kwa mapu a makono ndale za dzikoli amafalitsidwa wogawana (pali 28). Pakati pawo - pafupifupi onse mayiko akuluakulu a dziko: Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, India.

Chitaganya: chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale Zitsanzo

Pansi Chitaganya umaimira mgwirizano wa madera osiyanasiyana analenga kukwaniritsa cholinga chilichonse: zankhondo, zachuma kapena zina. Mayiko za thupi chitaganya, monga ulamuliro, amawagwiritsitsa ulamuliro wawo onse ndale zoweta ndi m'bwalo lonse.

Zizindikiro zazikulu ndi kusowa chitaganya:

• m'malire wamba;
• single malamulo dongosolo;
• single chuma;
• single malamulo;
• nzika umodzi.

Zonse zochita za chitaganya cha atengedwa ndi vutoli. Komanso, yense wa mamembala ake ali ndi ufulu kumasula kuchoka wotero wamphumphu.

Chitaganya anagawidwa mu zaka XVIII-XIX mu Europe. M'zaka za m'ma otsiriza pali anali confederations pang'ono tingachipeze powerenga: ndi United Arab Republic, komanso Senegambia. Komabe, iwo unatha yochepa nthawi. Today zimaonetsa chitaganya Tingaone mu Union ndi European kapena bungwe la CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States).

Mitundu yaikulu ya ulamuliro onse malamulo

Mphamvu kukhala mwa aliyense wa mayiko mu dziko angakhoze mphamvu zawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zogwiritsira njira ndi mphamvu ya - izi ndi udindo boma malamulo. Iwo amachita ngati zinthu zazikulu, ndi chodziŵira chikhalidwe cha khalidwe linalake.

Pali mitundu yambiri (njira) za boma boma malamulo. Zimakhala demokalase kapena osakhala demokalase (buku opondereza Nazi T. D.).

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ulamuliro demokalase ku opondereza zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, utsogoleri Soviet pabwino lokha dziko monga "chilumba cha ufulu demokalase ndi ufulu." Ndipo anthu ambiri a dziko amakhulupilira mu bodza limeneli.

Authoritarianism ndi zizindikiro zake

"Mphamvu ya woyambitsa" - ena akhoza kumasulira mawu kuchokera Latin. Mu ulamuliro chandale mwamtheradi mphamvu zonse zili m'manja mwa munthu (kapena gulu la anthu).

Kungaphatikizepo nkhani yaikulu authoritarianism:

• centralization amphamvu a mphamvu;
• lamulo anakonza njira kuti utsogoleri dziko;
• okhwima zinthu zosiyanasiyana za boma la moyo boma;
• palibe weniweni Kulekana kwa mphamvu za mu nthambi osiyana (malamulo, wamkulu, milandu);

The Constitution pansi authoritarianism ndi mwangwiro declaratory mu chikhalidwe, chisankho otchuka - ndi yofunika chidude.

kupondereza Political mu mode ichi, loponya, iwo ukuperekedwa otsutsa okha ambiri yogwira akuluakulu. Zipani za maganizo, pa lonse, zololedwa, koma pokhapokha ngati sayambitsa mavuto appreciable dongosolo. mbali ziwirizi kusiyanitsa authoritarianism kwa Ulamuliro.

Ulamuliro ndi zizindikiro zake

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti liwu anayamba wolamulira Mussolini mu 1920s ndi. Mu Ulamuliro anatanthauza wathunthu (okwana) boma kulamulira muzochitika zones za moyo pagulu. Despotism, nkhanza, kupondereza ndi misa chidzudzulo - zonsezi mbali lililonse la ndale.

Society wonse ndi munthu aliyense payekhapayekha ku Ulamuliro kwathunthu chosakanikirana ndi boma. Zipani za malingaliro Kodi musaganize aliyense wa mitundu ya moyo. Chinthu china zimasiyanitsa Ulamuliro - osasinthika ofukula za mphamvu.

Mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi, pali zitsanzo za onse "anasiya" ndi "ufulu" Ulamuliro. Woyamba anali ndi khalidwe la Soviet Union, wachiwiri - kuti Nazi Germany kapena Mussolini opondereza boma.

Democracy ndi mbali yake yaikulu

Democracy - boma la anthu (a pomasulira a Chigiriki). Ndi wopanikizika, mphamvu chonyamulira mu boma akutumikira anthu, m'malo ambiri ake.

Tikumbukenso kuti woganiza kwambiri Plato ankadana demokalase. Iye ankaona kuti imodzi mwa njira choyipitsitsa cha ulamuliro. Koma wandale odziwika Winston Churchill kamodzi analongosola motere: ". Democracy - ndi mawonekedwe oipa kwambiri a boma koma ena onse amene amadziwika kuti mbiri" Choncho wochenjera British Nduna anatsindika palibe njira za ndale.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri demokalase - ndi:

• konsekonse othandiza, chifukwa cha zomwe mphamvu kwaiye;
• Kuzindikila mphamvu mfumu ya anthu pa mlingo malamulo;
• Kuyanjana pakathi mtheradi ufulu wa nzika zonse, kaya mwamuna kapena mkazi, zaka kapena mtundu;
• kukagonjetsa ochepa kuti ambiri;
• kulamulira anthu pa zochitika za nthambi wamkulu.

Dongosolo la ndale la Russia

Modern Russia ndi boma feduro. Izi ndi pulezidenti-aphungu Republic imene pulezidenti wapatsidwa mphamvu ndi zinthu zambiri. Mabungwe chachikulu cha mphamvu mu dziko anapangidwa 1990s oyambirira, pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma izi kugwira ntchito zawo zinali ena kusinthidwa zazing'ono.

Russia ali ndi zovuta utsogoleri-Kupititsa dongosolo. Monga mbali ya boma - 85 nzika za boma, amene ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi maudindo. Aliyense ali ndi aphungu ake, komanso boma ake dera. Komanso, Russia wakhala ogaŵikana zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi feduro.

Modern Russian andale ali mbali ya onse chitaganya Kupititsa akunja. Education mtundu dziko latsopano la Russia anapereka mayiko. Kupititsa mayunitsi - dera, dera kudziyimira pawokha, komanso midzi tanthauzo feduro. khalidwe losanganikirana wa dongosolo la ndale ayenera kukhala wokongola kugawa bwino mozama mfundo za akuluakulu a.

Pomaliza ...

Mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo la ndale za boma zikusonyeza Ulamuliro wa dziko. Mchiphunzitso amakono a boma lagawidwa njira zitatu izi: unitary boma, chitaganya ndi chitaganya. Aliyense ali peculiarities yake ndi zochita zake.

Pa mapu andale a dziko la m'zaka XXI chimakhala chogwidwa boma unitary. Federations ndi zochepa kwambiri, koma confederations zoona, wosakhala.