Matupi gulu - ndi chiyani ichi?

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabungwe m'ntchito zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ikhoza kugwira ntchito limodzi. Kuti izi zitheke, mabungwe otsogolera othandizira anzawo amapangidwa - awa angakhale mabungwe osiyanasiyana kapena makomiti, komanso makomiti apadera. Maphunziro awa ndi osatha kapena osakhalitsa, ali ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana, amasiyana ndi udindo ndipo amachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana za bungwe. Kawirikawiri, matupiwa ali ndi mphamvu zopanga zosankha zina, malingana ndi msinkhu wawo wokhoza, amatha kudzisamalira okha kapena kusankha mtsogoleri wamkulu. Kawirikawiri, makoleji oterowo amapanga ntchito zowonetsera, kupereka mutu ndi ziweruzo zomveka pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Lingaliro la kugonana

Mawu akuti "chiyanjano" amachokera ku liwu lachilatini liwu loti "collegium", limene pamasulira limatanthauza "mgwirizano." Mgwirizano ndizosiyana ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a zamalonda komanso osalonda, maofesi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo magulu a milandu, akuluakulu ndi a malamulo, maphwando a ndale ndikuwonetseratu ngati zokambirana zokambirana ndi gulu la oimira, potsatira chigamulo chochokera m'maganizo ndi malingaliro.

Msonkhano wa anthu omwe amapanga chisankho choterewa amatchedwa "mgwirizano" kapena "gulu logwirizana". Maphunzirowa amasankha pazinthu zosiyanasiyana (ntchito zina, kugwirizana kwa ntchito, kuthetsa mavuto) pamsonkhano wa gulu la akuluakulu kapena akuluakulu.

Mabungwe onse ogwira ntchito m'bungwe la bungwe ayenera kukhazikitsidwa bwino: ndiloyenera kukhala ndi chikalata pazokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo pa ogwira ntchito, komanso ogwira ntchito, omwe ali ndi mlembi ndi tcheyamani. Pafupifupi misonkhano yonse ya matupi imalembedwa mu protocol. Kuti akwaniritse ntchito zowonongeka za gululi, ndondomeko inayake ikukonzedwa ndikuvomerezedwa. Kwa malemba oyendetsera a bungwe la ogwirizana ndi mitundu yonse ya zosankha ndi zosankha.

Mbiri yakale

Kufunika kwa kuyambika kwa matupi apamtima kunakhazikitsidwa m'mbiri mwazifukwa izi:

• Kufunikira kuyang'anira oimira nthambi yoyang'anira;
• Kuganizira zofuna za mamembala onse osonkhana;
• Kufunikira mphamvu zoweruza ndi malamulo;
• Kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha zolakwitsa paziganizo zopangidwa;
• Kuyamba kwa zochitika zamakono ndi chidziwitso chakupita patsogolo.

Akuluakulu ogwira ntchito limodzi ndi osiyana ndi amuna, omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti asatengere mbali ya umunthu.

Izi zatsimikiziridwa kuti koleji yoyamba ndiyo maziko a akuluakulu a boma, omwe anawuka muzaka za m'ma 4 BC BC ku Roma Yakale. Ndi mabungwe awa, makoleji a anthu khumi adakhazikitsidwa - decemvirs, okhala ndi mphamvu zalamulo. Mapangidwe a bungwe ili ndi kusagwirizana ndi chisankho chomwe chatengedwa kuti chiganizire zofuna za magulu onse a anthu.

Chigamulo cha Communist Party ya Soviet Union chinayanjananso ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa makoleji ndi udindo wokha. Malingaliro a V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin), kuphatikiza uku kumapereka chitsimikiziro chotsutsa njira yodziyendera ndi kupewa zochitika za zolakwika, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chopezeka ndi zomwe zimachitikira anthu onse omwe akuchita nawo zokambirana ndi udindo wonse wa oimira kupanga chisankho.

Mitundu ya magulu ophunzitsira

Magulu a anthu omwe ali nawo pamsonkhano angathe kusamalira dongosolo la bungwe kapena kuchita ntchito iliyonse yosamalira mmenemo. Malinga ndi cholinga chake, mabungwe ogwirizana a bungwe amagawidwa kukhala uphungu, oyang'anira komanso oyang'anira.

Malangizo

Mu bungwe la boma, mabungwe othandizira amapezeka nthawi zambiri, kuphatikizapo komiti za anthu, makomiti ndi mabungwe. Ntchito zambiri zomwe zimakambidwa ndi misonkhanoyi zimaphatikizapo kukambirana njira zothandizira, kukweza mafunso ndikusankha njira yothetsera mavuto, kufufuza ndikufufuza mavuto, ndiyeno kufunafuna njira yotulukira.

Kusonkhana pamodzi pankhaniyi kumakhala ndi ntchito yofunikira: imapangitsa kulingalira maganizo a membala aliyense m'deralo, kuphatikiza zochitika pamodzi ndi kudziwa, kuphunzira mitundu yonse ya vutoli ndikudalira zofuna za woimira aliyense. Koma ngakhale kuti kulingalira kwa nkhani zonse ndi chitukuko cha ndondomeko zimagwira ntchito ndi bungwe la ogwira ntchito, bungwe lotsogolera limaperekedwa kwa mtsogoleri wa bungwe.

Kulamulira

Onse oimira bungwe loyendetsa ntchito ali ndi maudindo ndi ufulu wofanana pofufuza zinthu zomwe zingatheke pamsonkhanowu. Zosankha za bungweli ndizovomerezeka kwa anthu onse a bungwe. Koma ngakhale ndi bungwe lotero, bungwe la gululi limaphatikizapo munthu yemwe ali mkulu woweruza, yemwe ali wokakamizika kuyankha kwa bungwe loyang'anira ndikumugonjera.

Kawirikawiri, matupi oterewa amayang'anira malo apamwamba (mwachitsanzo, msonkhano wa omanga nyumba zomangamanga). Makoloni oterewa angathe kulingalira nkhani pazomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi, mpaka kusinthidwa ndi kukonzedwanso kwa malonda.

Executive

Mabungwe onse oyang'anira ntchito (osakwatira, ogwira nawo ntchito) amachita ntchito zothandizira oyang'anira chuma.

Ophunzira a bungwe loyang'anira gulu lotsogolera likuyang'aniridwa ndi bungwe lokha. Mtsogoleri wamkulu alibe ulamuliro wopanga zosankha, mosasamala kanthu za bungwe lalikulu.

Bungwe lokhalo lokha liyenera kuchitapo kanthu pa bungwe malinga ndi lamulo lake, liri ndi ufulu kuthetsa nkhani zonse zomwe zimapita kupitirira mphamvu za mabungwe ena a bungwe.

Chitsanzo cha bungwe lolamulira ndi Bungwe la Atsogoleri. Thupi ili lotsogolera gulu la kampani likugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mabungwe azachuma, makampani akuluakulu ogulitsa mafakitale, nkhawa ndi mabungwe ena amalonda. Amathetsa mavuto a zachuma, kugula ndi kugulitsa zigawo, zamakono ndi kupereka mphamvu pa ntchito yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopa.

Mwachidziwikire, malingana ndi mtundu wa gulu logwirizana, kusankha komaliza kwa chisankhocho kumachitika mwa kuvota kapena kokha ndi mutu. Mchitidwe wothandizana nawo - uphungu kapena chigamulo - umatsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo ovomerezeka m'zinthu za boma kapena mwalamulo m'mabungwe.

Collegium of Administration Public

Ziwalo za boma za boma zimapatsidwa mawonekedwe a anthu onse, ndiwo mabungwe apolisi odziimira omwe ali ndi gawo lina la mphamvu ndipo ali ndi mphamvu za boma. Amapereka malamulo oyenerera. Ntchito yothandizira anthu kuwonetsetsa kuti kayendetsedwe ka zisankho zatengedwa, ndipo ngati sichikutsatila, chigwiritse ntchito chilango kwa ophwanya malamulo. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ntchito za zipangizo za boma zikudziwika ndi malire ake, zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi malamulo ovomerezeka, omwe alibe ufulu wopitako.

Makhalidwe apamwamba a boma ndi awa:

• Mphamvu za mphamvu ya boma;
• Kukhala membala wa zipangizo za boma;
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito ndi zolinga m'malo mwa dziko;
• Ndondomeko ya maphunziro yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma;
• Kulongosola momveka bwino za kapangidwe kawo ndi luso linalake la luso;
• Kuyankha kwa boma kwa ntchito yawo;
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa oyang'anira;
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito za makina oyang'anira ndi oyang'anira.

Makampani osiyanasiyana a boma

Ma bungwe a boma amagawidwa m'magulu angapo, omwe amakhalanso ndi makoleji ena.

1. Mphamvu yapamwamba imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa makoloni otsatirawa:

• Bungwe la a Municipal - linakhazikitsidwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito boma lokha;
• Council of Ministers - yopangidwa ndi kufanana ndi Soviet Cabinet;
• Bungwe la utumiki;
• Atsogoleri a Bungwe la a Atumiki ndi akuluakulu akuluakulu a boma .

Malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha opatsidwa mphamvu, matupi akuluakulu ndi awa:

• Makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito machitidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amagwira ntchito zomwe zimagwira ntchito kuzinthu zonse za utsogoleri (Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation);
• Mipingo yodziwika bwino, yomwe ikuphatikizapo maulamuliro a mabungwe a Russian Federation ndi maboma omwe amayang'anira gawo laling'ono ndikuonetsetsa kuti chitukuko ndi chitukuko;
• Makhalidwe apadera omwe amayang'anira nthambi imodzi (Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation).

2. Mphamvu zowonongeka, kuganizira za mtundu wawo, zimaphatikizapo mabungwe olamulira omwe amaphunzitsidwa. Izi ndi izi:

• Msonkhano wadziko lonse m'mayiko ena;
• Senate;
• Nyumba yamalamulo.

3. Mapangidwe a zipangizo zamagulu akuphatikizapo:

• Supreme Qualification Board ya oweruza, powalingalira kukhala m'dziko linalake.
• Bungwe Lalikulu la Malamulo.

4. Mabungwe othandiza otsogolera amaphatikizapo makoleji omwe amapangidwa kuti azigwirizana ndi mayiko angapo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga North North Atlantic Council - NATO Collegium.

Collegium Ltd.

Mndandanda wa makampaniwo ungapereke kukonzekera kampani yamakampani omwe ali ndi udindo wochepa (izi zikhoza kukhala bungwe la oyang'anira kapena bungwe la oyang'anitsitsa) ndi ntchito yotsatira yokhudza ulamuliro wa ntchito za mabungwe akuluakulu ndi zina. Komabe, kulengedwa kwa thupi lachigwirizano sikofunikira kuti pakhale bungwe.

Mu No. 312-FZ wa December 30, 2008, bungwe la bungwe la LLC lakhazikitsidwa, lomwe limaphatikizapo:

• Kukonzekera kwa ntchito za bungwe;
• Kupanga mabungwe akuluakulu a bungwe, kuthetsa mphamvu zawo ndi kusamutsidwa kwa ufulu wa IP kapena bungwe;
• Kutsimikiza kwa kuchuluka kwa malipiro ku maphunziro a kayendedwe ka kampani;
• Kuvomerezedwa kwa kafukufuku, kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa malipiro kwa ntchito za auditor;
• Kulingalira ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zilembo za mkati;
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthambi ndi maofesi oimira;
• Kufufuza nkhani zokhudza kuvomerezedwa kwa malonda, kuphatikizapo zazikulu;
• Kuthetsa mavuto okonzekera ndikupanga msonkhano wokhudzana ndi mamembala onse a bungwe;
• Nkhani zina zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mphamvu zalamulo za mabungwe akuluakulu komanso msonkhano waukulu wa anthu onse a bungwe.

Malingana ndi lamulo No. 99-FZ, ntchito zina zomwe zingathetsedwe pa msinkhu wa msonkhanowo zingaperekedwe kukambirana ndi ogwira ntchito. Kuchokera ku lamulo ndi: kusintha malemba, kuvomereza zolemba zomwe sizingakhalepo, kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zovomerezeka chifukwa chokopa ndalama kuchokera kunja, kupanga magulu ena otsogolera, kuchotsa ntchitoyo.

Mgwirizano wothandizira, womwe umayang'anira kampaniyo, umapereka mwayi kwa otsogolera pa ufulu wotsatira:

• Kupeza chidziwitso pa ntchito za bungwelo, kupeza mwayi wopanda malire ndi zolemba zina;
• Kulimbana ndi zochitika zomwe kampaniyo inkachita pogwiritsa ntchito Federal Law pa LLCs kapena Article 174 ya Civil Code ya Russian Federation;
• Kufunsidwa chifukwa cha malipiro omwe amachitidwa ndi bungwe malinga ndi Gawo 53.1 la Civil Code la Russian Federation.

Chiwerengero cha ophunzira m'magulu akuluakulu sayenera kupitirira kotala la mamembala a msonkhano wachigawo. Mabungwe otsogolera otsogolera akhoza kusankha atsogoleri awo, omwe alibe ufulu wochita msonkhano wothandizana nawo.

Makoloni a asilikali

Poganizira kukhala munthu wina, mabungwe alangizi otsatirawa amapatsidwa:

• Khoti la msilikali, yemwe cholinga chake chikhoza kumveka kuchokera ku dzina - chinalengedwa kuti chiteteze ulemu wa apolisi;
• Bungwe la asilikali - dzinali ndilo mbiriyakale.

M'gulu la asilikali kumeneko palinso matchalitchi akuluakulu. Chitsanzo ndi Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation.

Mfundo yoyendetsera gulu la asilikali m'mayiko onse imachokera ku machitidwe a amuna amodzi - misonkhano imakhala ngati msonkhano ndipo imakhala ndi khalidwe lovomerezeka. Kuti tikambirane zomwe zilipo ndi malamulo omenyana, potsata maganizo a akuluakulu onse a magulu, ogwira ntchito akukonzekera pazochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi magulu ankhondo.

Pali nthawi pamene udindo wothandizana nawo umalepheretsa kusamalira mutu umodzi. Mwachitsanzo, kukhoti la mkulu wa boma likuvomereza, malingaliro a mkuluyo samakhudza chisankho chachikulu cha omwe ali pamsonkhanowo, mkulu akhoza kungopempha.

Utsogoleri mu Maphunziro

Malingana ndi Gawo 26 la Federal Law No. 273, gulu la maphunziro liyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi wotsogolera wamkulu, wothandizira kapena wothandizira. Pamapeto a lamulo ili, akuluakulu a maphunziro othandizira otsogolera akufotokozedwa, omwe amagawidwa kuti akhale oyenera komanso oyenera.

Pakati pa maulamuliro ena ndi awa:

• Bungwe la Matrasti, lomwe limayendetsa ndalama zothandizira ndalama;
• Bungwe Loyang'anira - Bungwe loyang'anira ntchito ndi kuyang'anira;
• Bungwe lolamulira lomwe liri ndi makolo a ophunzira ndi kuvomereza zosankha zomangiriza pa kayendetsedwe ka bungwe.

Bungwe loyang'anira gulu lophunzitsidwa bwino ndilo bungwe lophunzitsira, lomwe linasonkhana kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi, omwe amasankha pa zomwe zikuchitika pa ntchitoyi palimodzi ndi kukhazikitsa maphunziro, makamaka pa chidziwitso cha ophunzira ndi chitukuko cha ziyeneretso za aphunzitsi. Kuphatikizanso pano ndi msonkhano wa antchito a bungwe, kukambirana za akatswiri, ntchito ndi zachuma zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ubale wa abwana.

Makoloni m'madera ena ogwira ntchito

Makoloni ena sakhalapo kwamuyaya monga mawonekedwe a bungwe lolamulira. Masewera onse amachitika kuti athetse ntchito zina.

Mu dongosolo la chisamaliro, ziwalo zothandizira za boma ndi mabungwe, omwe ndi osonkhanitsa a madokotala pa chithandizo ndi kuchiritsidwa kwa wodwala aliyense pa milandu yosamvana.

Palinso akuluakulu achipembedzo:

• Bungwe la Ulema ndi msonkhano wa mamembala a Islamic omwe ali ndi ulamuliro osati kuthetsa nkhani za atsogoleri achipembedzo, komanso kugwira ntchito monga mphamvu ya malamulo;
• Conclave, anasonkhanitsidwa ku Tchalitchi cha Katolika kuchokera kwa makadinali mu chisankho cha Papa.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masewera, kuweruzidwa kwa magwiridwe a othamanga kumachitika ndi bungwe la milandu (kapena gulu la oweruza).

Kufotokoza, tinganene kuti gulu bungwe lolamulira ndi gulu la anthu, kuvekedwa ndi chiwerengero cha mphamvu kuti zinthu mkati yamtunduwu ake. Malinga ndi akuchipatala mu hayala a m'banja monga College, ayamikira ukhale wa chenjezo kapena kumanga. mawonekedwe Deliberative wa collegiality ntchito kupereka maganizo enieni kwa eni pakampanipo. Mawonekedwe zikuluzikulu injects gulu moyo anasankha kaya wapampando wa msonkhano.

Collegium amapezeka pafupifupi m'magulu onse a ntchito za anthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti co-nkhani zambiri ubwino, wakupatsani kuganizira zofuna za nthumwi zonse, ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo musanyalanyaze, imene kumam'phunzitsa ambiri kuti mphamvu ndi dzuwa chigamulochi vuto.