Vitus Behring (Vitus Jonassen Bering). Photo, yonena

Kubadwa kwa tsogolo la kuyenda panyanja si zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha zochitika zilizonse zofunika. Palibe angakhulupirire kuti mwana osati kukhala yapamadzi, ndiponso mpainiya, ndipo ngakhale mu utumiki wa State wina. Ndi zovuta kunena zomwe zifukwa zachititsa kuti mnyamata kulowa utumiki panyanja mu Russian Ufumu sanali amphamvu mphamvu zathu pa nthawi. Mwina Behring ankatha kuona okha ena lonjezo. Kuti kumlingo chinathandiza atulukira ndi iye, zomwe zinali zothandiza, dera limene akukhala, ndi mbiri yakale tanthauzo. Behring osati anapeza m'mayiko ena ndi zilumba kumpoto kwa dziko, koma atafika kugombe la khadi, amene anali ofunika kwambiri.

Zaka zoyambirira za moyo

Vitus Bering anabadwa August 12, 1681 mu Jutland (ano Denmark) mu Horsens. Palibe wapadera m'tauni sanali amasiyana: mipingo ina ndi mchitidwe umenewu - ndicho kuona zonse. Iye anayamba pokhapokha 1442, pamene iye anapatsidwa bizinesi hayala, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kukhala mu malo a malonda.

tawuni imene inali pa gombe ndipo anali doko. The ngwazi za nkhani yathu kwa zaka zoyambirira kwambiri za moyo, akutama mafundewo akulakalaka kuyenda. Ngakhale kuti atate ake, malinga ndi zimene olemba mbiri ena, mkulu wa miyambo, ndi konse anasiya nyumba zawo. Si bwino chifukwa chiyani, koma pachiyambi penipeni pa ntchito yapamadzi anali wachinyamata anatenga dzina mayi ake.

The nyanja inaitana mnyamata, choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti, pokhala anafika unyamata, iye analembetsa pa Amsterdam sitima Cadet Corps, ndipo mu 1703, ndili ndi zaka 22, bwinobwino kumaliza. Koma zisanachitike, Vitus Bering anapanga kaulendo kakang'ono kwa ngalawa East Indies Dutch. Zikuoneka kuti ndiye tsogolo wapaulendo Behring ndipo anasankha olimba yolumikizana likuwayenera ndi nyanja.

Mu utumiki wa Peter I

Kodi kugunda Russian Navy Vitus Bering? yonena ake sakhala ndi ndalama ili ndi mfundo zambiri zoona. Koma tikudziwa kuti pa nthawi mkulu wa Mfumu Peter Wamkulu Russian Russian apanyanja asilikali Korneliy Ivanovich Kryuys ndawala ya amalinyero odziwa za utumiki. Sievers ndi Senyavin anapereka mnyamata, kuti anali kale mu East Indies Choncho, ena sadziwa koma kulilandira. Ndi zinthu zina timadziwa kuti Vitus kufuna kutumikira msuweni wake Sievers, izo zinali mu yapamadzi, ndithu mu Russian Ufumu. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma loto lake wakwaniritsidwa, ndi Behring anatumizidwa ku St. Petersburg. Pali anapatsidwa kusamalira sitima yomwe inkanyamula nkhuni kumanga linga Kronstadt. Osati kwambiri, koma nyanja!

Posachedwa Vitus Bering analimbikitsidwa ndi msilikali ndipo anayamba kuchita ntchito zambiri udindo ndi kovuta. Iye anatenga gawo mu kampeni Azov, younikira kayendedwe ka sitima ku Gulf of Finland asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda nawo mu ulendo kuchokera Arkhangelsk kuti Kronstadt, anatumikira pa ngalawa "Pearl" ndi Tambasula ake ku Hamburg kuti St. Petersburg. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi, osati kuwuka kwa mkulu wa udindo woyamba, Behring kusiya usilikali.

Tsatani mbiri ya Vitus Bering

Tikakhala mu ndondomeko ya nthawi imene tithe onse ndi maudindo amene analandira wofufuza Behring mu ntchito yake asilikali, timachotsa tebulo zotsatirazi:

Kuti awa maudindo ndi maulemu kwa zaka 20 wa utumiki analemekeza Vitus Bering. Mwachidule yonena Komabe, kodi satchula nyota onse oyendetsa sitima ya. Pakuti gawo mbiri yakale komanso geographers zambiri zosangalatsa za moyo wake wotsatira.

Development ndi kugwirizana Kamchatka ku Ufumu Russian

Nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka kupondereza serfdom sanathe koma bwanji mbiri Russian. wamba Osokera anafuna dziko kuti ukhale malo awo ku chizunzo. Pang'onopang'ono anthu afika ndipo Siberia, ndipo kumeneko Kamchatka. Koma gawo kale anthu, kotero maulendo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupeza ndi chitukuko cha dziko, wolemera zachilengedwe, ubweya, ndi zina zotero .. Mu 1598 ku Siberia Khanate anali ukali, ndi m'dera mbali ya Russian Ufumu.

Kufunika kwa kufufuza Kamchatka

Development wa Kamchatka ndi madera ena Siberia zinali zofunika kwambiri m'dziko. Choyamba kunali koyenera kubwezeretsanso chuma. Koma apainiya ambiri anali bwino anthu ophunzira amene kwenikweni kufunafuna mchere, lotseguka magawo atsopano, ndi msonkho anthu wamba. The State zofunika maps of dziko latsopano ndi njira nyanja.

Mu 1724, Peter Wamkulu inaika lamulo pa gulu la kampeni Kamchatka lotsogoleredwa ndi Vitus Bering zakubala. mlendo analamulidwa kufika Kamchatka, kumanga magulu awiri ndipo iwo anapita kumpoto, kupeza malo America chikugwirizana ndi Siberia, ndi kupeza njira m'mizinda ya ku Ulaya.

Choyamba Kamchatka ulendo wa Vitus Bering

Analimbikitsidwa ndi udindo wa mkulu ndi mtsogoleri wa udindo woyamba, apaulendo tsogolo ananyamula kuti mwayekha. Patapita masabata 2 - 25 January 1725 - anthu oyambirira a maulendowa kunyamuka kuchoka St. Petersburg ku Kamchatka. Linali gulu la azungu alonda awiri panyanja (Alexei Chirikov ndi Martyn Shpanberg), oyeza, shipbuilders, panyanja, opalasa, amalinyero, ophika. Chiwerengero wafika anthu 100.

msewu kunali kovuta ndi zovuta. Ine ndinkachita kupita m'njira zosiyanasiyana: ngolo, sledges ndi agalu, ziwiya mtsinje. Kufika mu 1727 mu Okhotsk, anayamba kumanga zombo kugwira ntchito zofunika ulendo wa. Pa zombo zimenezi Vitus Bering anafika kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Kamchatka. Mu Nizhnekamchatsk inamangidwa warship "St. Gabriel" kumene kuyenda panyanja ndi timu ndinapitirira. chombo anadutsa Khwalala pakati Alaska ndi Chukotka, koma chifukwa nyengo amalinyero sanathe kuona gombe la Africa American.

Mbali ya cholinga cha ulendo anali ikuchitika. Komabe, iye anabwerera mu 1730 ku St. Petersburg, kuyenda panyanja amapereka lipoti pa ntchito yake ndipo zimapangitsa yotsatira ulendo ntchito. Ambiri mwa nduna za dziko pamwamba ndi ophunzira sanamvetsetse, ngati iye, Vitus Bering, amene anatsegula. Koma ambiri Chofunika wakhala anasonyeza - Asia ndi United States ali osalumikidwa. wapaulendo A analimbikitsidwa ndi Captain-Commander.

Maulendowa yachiwiri Kamchatka

Atabwerera ku kuyenda panyanja kwa iye, zolembedwa ndi mapu ndi kusakhulupirira ena. Tinali kuteteza ulemu ndi kulungamitsa chidaliro anaikidwa iye mwapamwamba. Ndipo cholinga sanayambebe zonse zimatheka. Simungaimitse theka. Kotero, ulendo wachiwiri, ndipo anauza Esitere Vitus Bering. Wambiri olembedwa a m'nthawi ya mlendo, limati, atatsala pang'ono ulendo oyamba kugombe la Kamchatka, ndi Shestakov anatsegula ndi chipata, ndipo ngakhale Islands Kuril. Inde, koma kupezedwa onsewa sizinachitike zalembedwa. Dane anali mwayi - iye anaphunzitsidwa, amatha kutsogolera ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira ndipo anali bwino khadi.

Maulendowa yachiwiri Vitus Bering anali ndi zolinga izi: Exploration mwa nyanja ya Japan ndi Kamchatka kuti m'kamwa mwa Amur, asayansi lonse nyanja kumpoto kwa Siberia, kupambana kwa gombe la American, ndi malonda a kumeneku, ngati, adzapezeka kumeneko.

Ngakhale kuti mpando wachifumu anakhala Anna Ivanovna, Russia wakwaniritsadi malangizo a Petulo. Choncho ntchitoyi chidwi akuluakulu otchuka a Admiralty. Lamulo pa msonkhano inafalitsidwa mu 1732. Atafika Okhotsk, mu 1740 Behring nyumba ziwiri paketi bwato - ". St. Paul" "Saint Peter" ndipo Iwo ofufuza anabwera kugombe la kum'mawa kwa Kamchatka.

zotsatira ulendo

Nyanja ulendo nthawi iyi anali wabwino. Koma nthawi yomweyo zomvetsa chisoni - nthawi yozizira mu 1741 Vitus Bering anafa. Ata-, akhoza imawunikidwa kenako okha. Chifukwa ndiye kutsimikiza lolondola zotsatira za ntchito yake kunali kovuta - njira yopita ku Siberia amadalirabe kwambiri pa zokhumba za chilengedwe. Koma ngakhale ndiye, apaulendo kale anayamba ntchito makadi kuti anali Vitus Bering. Kutsegula kwa upainiya kwambiri amaloledwa kuchita chitukuko ndi masuku pamutu wa m'mayiko ena.

Choncho, zotsatirazi chidachitika:

• Achinsk Bay wa Petropavlovsk anakhazikitsidwa.
• Kudzera ano Bering Nyanja anafika ku gombe la Alaska.
• Pobwerera, ndipo anatsegula Aleutian Islands Shumagin.
• Kujambula mapu a Aleutian osiyanasiyana.
• Poyera Anakaligawa Evdokeevskie Islands ndi Chirikov (Misty).
• Open Bering Island, pamene iye anafa mu 1741 kuyenda panyanja.
• Kujambula mapu a dera la kumpoto ndi kum'maŵa Russia, malo zoweta Siberia.
• Zakartografirovany Kuril Islands.
• Ndinapeza njira Japan.

Ngati inu tione mbiri ya atulukira Hrs, n'zotheka kudziwa kuti ulendo unali mbali chabe ya kampeni zikuluzikulu. Inatha mu zaka zambiri m'munda wa imfa Bering, ndipo ngakhale ndiye yekha chifukwa cha luntha lake gulu. Ndipotu iye anagawa ophunzira m'magulu a kumpoto kwa ulendo, anapereka kwa aliyense ntchito yapaderadera. Ngakhale mtengo anthu, msonkhano yatha bwinobwino kwambiri.

Vitus Bering ankawonekera?

anatulukira maonekedwe ena biographers mukaikire. Likukhalira chithunzi bwino onse, amene akuonetsedwa Vitus Bering (chithunzi ndiye sanali), musati zizigwirizana zenizeni. Awa ndi zithunzi za amalume ake. Kusamvana anali kuthetsa kufufuza chigaza ndi kukonzanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa kunja njira kayeseleledwe. Chifukwa, nkhope yeniyeni ya apaulendo chidatengedwa. Ndithudi, Vitus Bering (zithunzi ndi kuperekedwa m'nkhani) anali ndi maonekedwe osiyana kwambiri. Koma si angasokoneze kufunika zimene anatulukira.

Khalidwe la oyendetsa sitima zazikulu

Malinga ndi zimene zilipo, ndi kuyenda panyanja anali ochepa wofatsa chikhalidwe, amene yosayenera mutu wa ulendo wa. Ndipo komabe Bering kawiri asankhidwa kuti udindo uwu. Tikumbukenso oddity wina. Siberia kafukufuku sanali kuti mlandu kuti zatha - iye akanakhoza kukhala mu nthawi imene cholinga pa dzanja. Izi Bering Mbali chikondwerero ndi abwenzi, ndipo mamembala a kuyenda ulendo. Komabe, tikulimbikitsidwa monga mtsogoleri ndi kulinganiza zinthu, ndi Peter Wamkulu, ndi Anne Ioannovne. Kodi zimenezi tingazifotokoze bwanji? Ziyenera kukhala chakuti, ngakhale zolakwa zake zonse, Vitus Bering anali odziwa kuyenda panyanja. Iye ankadziwa kutsatira malangizo, anali ndi udindo kwambiri ndi wamkulu, ndipo chomaliza koma osati chosafunikira, ndi devotee a boma, amene utumiki anali. Inde, mwina chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa anasankhidwa kuchita izi zofunika kafukufuku m'mayiko ambiri.

Manda a Kamchatka wofufuza

Pambuyo Vitus Bering anaphedwa pa chisumbu, chimenenso iye anatulukira ndipo anaikidwa m'manda ndipo anaika, malinga ndi mwambo wa nthawi, pantanda. Zikuonekeratu kuti mtengo unali lawola ndi anayamba kugwa ndi nthawi. Komabe, mu 1864 pa malo kumene mogwirizana ndi zolembedwa za mabwenzi Bering, manda ake anali, latsopano ntanda anamangidwira. Zinali mtengo wa kampani Russian-American, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu ulamuliro wa Paulo.

Kufufuza ulendo ku malo Siberia kafukufuku manda unapangidwa bungwe mu 1991. Pachilumba anatulukira manda a Bering osati kokha, komanso oyendetsa zisanu. Zotsalira anali anachira ndipo anatumizidwa ku Moscow kuphunzira. Mafupa ndi chigaza linakhalanso maonekedwe wapaulendo. asayansi anali kupeza kuti sanafe ku chiseyeye monga anafunira poyamba, koma matenda (ndiko ndendende, samadziwika). Nditamaliza maphunziro zotsalira chabwezedwa kwa chilumbachi reburied.

Zinthu kuti ali ndi mayina ndi kuyenda panyanja kwambiri

Okumbukira wapaulendo ndipo anathandiza kuti maphunziro Hrs, dzina lake lapatsidwa kwa zinthu zimenezi:

• M'misewu Moscow, St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Tomsk ndi Yakutsk.
• Island Straits, Cape, glacier, Sea.
• Chombo ndi dizilo ndi mphamvu ya magetsi.
• University State ku Kamchatka.
• Zomera zimene kukula mu Far East.

Komanso, wapaulendo anachotsa filimu "The Ballad a Bering ndi anzake."

Kutanthauza kuyenda panyanja atulukira

N'kosatheka kuzindikira kufunika kwa maulendo nyanja ya Vitus Bering. Ndi kumuyamikila panali woyamba mapu bwino okokedwa la Siberia. Pambuyo pake, anathandiza kutukula mbali Asian wa Russian Ufumu. Kudzera maulendo ake anayamba yogwira chitukuko cha deralo. Anayamba kuchotsa mchere, izo chinayamba makampani migodi foundry.

The Russian Ufumu nazo ndalama kupita mu chuma ndi magawo atsopano, kuchuluka tanthauzo lake lonse ndiponso kukwaniritsa. Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - dziko nawo mpata kusinthanitsa ndi maiko amenewo kumene kunali kosatheka kuti njira kale katswiri. Ndipotu m'madera amenewa anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa limati ena amene azilipiritsa awo Podutsa msonkho ndithu. Komabe ngakhale ubwino onse, ndi kuzindikira Vitus Bering anali atamwalira pokhapokha chitsimikiziro cha apeza ndi anzake. Mwachitsanzo, odziwika bwino tsopano ndi Bering Strait analandira dzina la dzanja kosavuta James Cook.