Parliamentary demokalase - ndi chiyani ichi?

Masiku ano, m'mayiko ambiri anasankha demokalase monga mawonekedwe a boma. Ndi Chigiriki mawu "demokalase" likumasuliridwa kuti "anthu mphamvu", kutanthauza gulu ndale kupanga zisankho ndi kukhazikitsa moyo wawo. Izi chimasiyanitsa izo kuchokera authoritarianism ndi Ulamuliro, pamene kasamalidwe zokhudza anthu mu manja a munthu - mtsogoleri. M'nkhaniyi tiphunzira za kodi demokalase aphungu.

dongosolo demokalase

N'cholinga mawonekedwe a boma aphungu, ayenera kulabadira dongosolo demokalase wonse, icho chiri. Democracy palokha ndi a mitundu iwiri: mwachindunji ndi nthumwi. Njira mawu a demokalase mwachindunji - kumasonyeza zinthu yapachiweniweni mwachindunji ndi referendums, kunyanyala, zitsanzo, Kutolere anasaina, etc. The cholinga cha zimene - .. Kuti olamulira, anthu mwachindunji amafuna kukwaniritsidwa kwa zofuna zawo. Pankhaniyi, nzika kusonyeza zofuna zawo, popanda thandizo la intermediaries zosiyanasiyana.

demokalase nthumwi ndi osiyana chabe chakuti anthu kutenga mbali mu moyo ndale za boma si paokha ndi mwachindunji koma kudzera intermediaries osankhidwa ndi iwo. Aphungu osankhidwa akuluakulu, omwe ali ndi udindo kuteteza anthu wamba chidwi. Parliamentary demokalase - chimodzi mwa zitsanzo tingachipeze powerenga za dongosolo ndale.

parliamentarism Kodi

Kunena zoona, dongosolo aphungu ndi boma, pamene maguluwo waukulu malamulo okha osankhidwa ndipo anasankha ziwalo za boma. Iwo yoikidwiratu wa phati ndi mavoti ambiri mu chisankho aphungu. Izi mawonekedwe a boma ndi demokalase aphungu, n'zotheka osati maiko ndi dongosolo la demokalase. Iwo akhoza kukhalapo m'mayiko monarchical, koma mu nkhani iyi wolamulira ali osiyanasiyana mphamvu. Tikhoza kunena kuti ulamuliro mwayekha koma salandira zochita za boma zofunika, ntchito yake ndi kochepa ndipo m'malo ophiphiritsa: izo nawo miyambo iliyonse, mwambo. Tikumbukenso kuti mmene abwino kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo aphungu ndi pamaso pa dongosolo ziwiri kuphwandoko pofuna bata ndale.

Komanso, izi mtundu wa demokalase akhoza kukhalapo mu chimango cha lipabliki aphungu, kutanthauza kuti ulamuliro nthumwi kuti asankhe mutu wa boma. Komanso ntchito za mutu akhoza kuchita mwachindunji ndi wapampando wa ulamuliro boma.

Parliamentarism: zimagwirira kukhazikitsa

Limagwirira imene akuyendera mtundu uwu wa andale ndi demokalase aphungu ndi zisankho unachitikira pa aphungu. Mu Congress US angaperekedwe chitsanzo. Pofuna payokha anatenga nthumwi za akuluakulu a - za Kongeresi - amaimira zinthu pafupifupi wofanana chiwerengero cha electors ndi ndikusinthidwa iliyonse redistricting khumi ndi recalculate chiwerengero cha nzika woyenera kuvota.

Ofuna zimayikidwa patsogolo pa maphwando waukulu asadadalitse mwakhama kwambiri kudziwa lokhala wosasangalala ndale za anthu, mothandizidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe. Amatsegula zochitika anthu, kugawa zipangizo kampeni ndi kukhala mbali ya anthu wamba.

Chifukwa cha Kuvota maguluwo wadutsa mu maphwando yamalamulo kupanga otchedwa "tuzigawo twa". Limodzi la mabungwe andale, ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba mavoti, ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha akuluakulu. Ndi chifukwa cha kulamulira chipani anamuika munthu uyu - ngati nduna yaikulu kapena zina zoyenera malo, komanso mamembala a boma. chipani cholamulira akufunafuna malamulo ake mu boma, ndipo iwo anali ochepa, ndi kutsutsa aphungu.

presidentialism ndi chiyani?

demokalase Pulezidenti - ndi otsutsana a parliamentarism. Akamanena za dongosolo la ndale ndi zochitika zonse kugwiridwa ndi boma ndi malamulo pansi pa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Mutu wa boma amasankhidwa ndi nzika za dziko. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti mtundu uwu wa mphamvu likuoneka lingaliro la makhalidwe zokomela mukhoza kupita kwa Ulamuliro, monga zosankha anapangidwa ndi pulezidenti, ndi yamalamulo ili ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Ubwino parliamentarism

demokalase Parliamentary monga mawonekedwe a boma masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zabwino. Choyamba, ndi omasukirana ndi chilungamo. Aliyense MP ndi udindo pa zochita zawo ndi mawu, osati gulu lake, komanso kwa anthu amene osankhidwa izo. Inathetsedwa maguluwo kusiyana kwa anthu, chifukwa si malo anamuuza muyaya - kuvomerezedwa msonkhano, makalata, phwando kulira ndi njira zina kucheza. Kachiwiri, mtundu wa demokalase aphungu zikutanthauza ufulu wofanana osati "kulamulira" maphwando, komanso otsutsa. Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wonena maganizo awo mu kutsutsana pa mawu oyamba ntchito iliyonse ndi bwana. Lamanja la ing'onoing'ono kuti ufulu wa kulankhula kutetezedwa.

Kuipa demokalase aphungu

Monga dongosolo zina ndyale, dongosolo aphungu angapo zofooka. Nthawi zambiri, asayansi ndale, ofufuza ikuchitika tikayerekezera mtundu wa demokalase ndi presidentialism. Poyerekezera ndi demokalase aphungu ili zolakwa khalidwe ndi zofooka.

1. Mtundu wa gulu lipindulitsa pa mitundu yaing'ono. chakuti adzaponye chisanko ayenera kusonkhanitsa kuchuluka kwambiri zokhudza phungu, ndi chidaliro chonse posankha. N'kosavuta ntchito zing'onozing'ono, mayiko khola - ndiye odziwa ntchito udzakhala zambiri.
2. Kusokonekera udindo. Electors yoikidwiratu nyumba yamalamulo ndi anthu, nayenso, kupanga nduna ndi kuimirira m'malo ambiri maudindo. Chifukwa, aphungu ndi mamembala a boma akuyesetsa kutumikira osati adzaponye chisanko, komanso zipani kuti asankha iwo. Likukhalira "masewera m'minda awiri" nthawi zina zimabweretsa mavuto.

State ndi demokalase aphungu

Lero mu dziko ukufanizidwa ndi ambiri yosiyanasiyana ya boma, kuyambira ndi demokalase ndi owolowa manja, mathero opondereza. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za dziko limene pali demokalase aphungu - izi ndi Great Britain. Mutu wa boma British ndi nduna yaikulu ndi banja lachifumu ulamuliro koma salandira zochita boma ndipo amakhala ngati chizindikiro cha dziko. Magulu awiri Britain - osafuna kusintha ndi Labor - akumenyana pa ufulu thupi boma.

Ambiri m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya anasankha demokalase aphungu ngati mawonekedwe a boma. Izi Italy, Netherlands, Germany, ndi ena ambiri.

Parliamentary demokalase ku Russia

Ngati ife kulankhula za Russia, ndiye, mu maganizo ake, chibwenzi, dziko lathu lili boma monga presidentialism. Komabe, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti Russian Federation - mtundu wosanganiza wa boma pamene parliamentarism alipo pamodzi ndi presidentialism, ndi umalamulira masika. demokalase Parliamentary mu Russia umaonekera chakuti State Duma ali ndi ufulu kupasuka yamalamulo, koma nthawi zina nthawi - mkati chaka chisanko.

Mtundu uwu wa demokalase akuphunziridwa asayansi ndale. Ofufuzawa kulemba nkhani za sayansi ndi monographs pankhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya mbiri Russian Andrei Borisovich Zubov "demokalase Parliamentary ndi mwambo andale a East." ntchito ndi kuphunzira mabungwe demokalase mu zikhalidwe za mayiko a kummawa. Iye amapereka chitsanzo makamaka m'mayiko asanu: Japan, Turkey, Lebanon, Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka ndi Thailand.