Mu chaka chimene anali kuyanjana kwa Kiev ndi Novgorod? Yonseyi Kiev ndi Novgorod (lalifupi)

Yonseyi Kiev ndi Novgorod, chinachitika mu 882, amaona kuti tsikuli ndi mapangidwe boma Russian. Salakwa ankaona tate wa Prince Oleg, mpake kutchedwa "aulosi," kuti ndi prescient m'tsogolo. Iye anali woyamba wokhometsa a m'mayiko Russian. Anzeru, wamphamvu ndi wamasomphenya, moyenerera m'gulu mndandanda wa 100 asilikali lalikulu la dziko.

The limafotokoza

Ndi tsiku chosaiwalika m'mbiri ya boma Russian uli chaka 882. The mgwirizano wa Kiev ndi Novgorod, awiri akuluakulu pa nthawi ya chitukuko malo malonda a East Asilavo mafuko chiyambi cha chitukuko chachikulu choyambirira ndi chikhalidwe wapadera. Ndiwo zochitika m'mbiri yakale Russian ndi "nthano ya makedzana Zaka" (ndi PVL). Izi ndi amafotokoza oyambirira. Limatchedwanso "wosazindikira amafotokoza" kapena "Nestor amafotokoza," zimene Ndizachidziwikire kuti woyambitsa wa gwero lake, asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira mmonke wa Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor (za 1056 - 1114), ndi hagiography lalikulu (zaumulungu amene amaphunzira miyoyo ya oyera mtima) ndi wolemba .

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Mu Nkhani iyi ya nthawi akutchulidwa mu mbiri ya dziko Russian kwa nthawi m'Baibulo 1117. Malinga IDPs, mgwirizano zinachitika mu Kiev ndi Novgorod mu 882, kutsogozedwa ndi lodziwika bwino Prince Oleg. Nthawi yomweyo m'pofunika kutchula kuti olemba mbiri amakono anatsutsa zonse za Russia wakale. Koma pali zambiri kapena zochepa ambiri amavomereza mfundo. Amadziwika kuti Oleg anali wachibale wa Rurik, kapena m'malo m'bale mkazi wake - Efanidy. Atamwalira Ryurika Oleg anakhala mtetezi wamng'ono ndi, Igor ndi kukhwima wake - wolamulira wa Novgorod. Asayansi ambiri amanena chakuti masiku amenewo mu funso, Novgorod, ngati kunalibe. Iye anali lalikulu yamalinga kumsika Ladoga pa Volkhov Mtsinje, padziko lonse Baltic kum'mawa. Rurik kuthetsa inali pa Novgorod panopa.

Woyamba combiner Russian m'mayiko

Mu linga X atumwi Detinets inamangidwa kuno, kubweretsa pamodzi zitatu Pamudzi. Koma PVL Anatipatsa 862 monga tsiku la kutchula koyamba za Novgorod, ndipo mu 1150 kuti chikondwerero cha Russian m'munsi mu 2009. Baibulo wotchuka ananena kuti mzindawo unali, kuti anafunsidwa kulamulira nzika Scandinavians anafika kuno, malamulo pano, ndipo adabala mwana Rurik, amene anafa 879. Amene anabwera zopangira Voevoda Oleg yomweyo reinventing alonda ndipo kulimbitsa malire alipowa. Ndiye, patapita zaka zitatu, anayamba ndi kugonjetsa kugwirizanitsa mayiko Russian. mochenjera kwambiri ndi kutali woona wandale, pansi amene utsogoleri m'mayiko ophatikizidwa a Novgorod ndi Kiev, osati nthawi zonse ankachita pokha ndi mphamvu - yopanda magazi chinyengo iye subordinated yekha ndi Kiev, ndipo kenako Constantinople, mlandu amalonda a East Asilavo kumpoto wokwera ziphuphu.

akufunika

Muzigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri m'dziko pamodzi njira katundu - anali kofunika ndi wololera njira. Kamodzi mphamvu, kalonga yomweyo anaganiza kuti agonjetse dziko atagona pamodzi njira malonda "ku Scandinavia ndi Ahelene." Mwachionekere, mgwirizano Oleg a Novgorod ndi Kiev pathupi nthawi yaitali, mwina mapulani amenewa anakulitsa Rurik. Kapena mwina zinali choncho kutali Oleg, chifukwa njira imodzi yaikulu ya chiphaso cha ndalama mu chuma cha boma anali malonda. katundu A mozungulira njira ya msonkho waukulu umene. Zotsatirazi kum'mwera ndi 2-zikwi asilikali, Oleg anagonjetsa mafuko Asilavo moyo pa magombe a Dnieper, Pripyat, Bug, Dniester ndi Sozh. Iwo anali drevlyans northerners radzimichy. Pamaso Rurik ogwirizana mu ulamuliro wake wa Finno-Ugric anthu (iwo ankapatsidwa Tschudi, Mary, Ves), Ilmen Slovenia, Krivichy, mwachitsanzo East Asilavo kumpoto, wotchedwa Slavia magwero yachilendo. Choncho mtengo woyamba Oleg anali kukuza malire a dziko Russian. Ndi kulimbikitsa. Paliponse panjira anamanga mzinda ndi linga.

chilango

Yonseyi Kiev ndi Novgorod udaikidwa ndi Oleg ali ndi cholinga chimodzi - anafuna kulanga usurpers Dir ndi Askold, anaperekedwa ndi imodzi mwa nthano Rurik. Kupita kuti agonjetse Constantinople, asilikali mizu Kiev sanafune kuvomereza ulamuliro wa Rurik. Iwo sanali banja kalonga, ndipo anapereka ufulu kukakamiza Oleg kukana kwawo ulamuliro. Akuyandikira mzinda, pulani ndi osamala wandale Oleg sanafune litulukira mwazi wa asilikali awo, kukakamiza iwo kuti atenge malo bwino-mipanda yolimba kwambiri, ili pa phiri lalitali, amene anapanga linga angaloŵe. Oleg kunamizira Varangian ogulitsa. Asilikali anagona pansi pa Makwangwala Olimbana ndi pamwamba pa iwo yokutidwa ndi matumba a katundu. Ndiye eni mzinda, Askold ndi Dir, anabwera mlatho kusankha bwino za anabweretsa, ndi kusonkhanitsa msonkho chilolezo zingafunike pa Dnieper Mtsinje kunyanja. Iwo anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa, m'manda mu malo osiyana.

wochenjera nthumwi

Ndipo chotero izo zinali mgwirizano wa Kiev ndi Novgorod pansi munthu mmodzi - Prince Oleg, yemwe nthawi yomweyo anayamba kulimbikitsa mzinda wogonjetsedwa. Iye anabwera mu mzinda, malinga ndi nthano, wotchedwa Kiev "mayi a mizinda ya ku Russia." Oleg ankafuna kuti mzinda uno likulu ndi zifukwa nyumba yake apa. Kumene, Kiev sanaime. Koma ndiye Oleg anasankha bwino kwambiri. Mafuko ena (drevlyans tatchulazi, northerners radzimichy) analowa Russia, owateteza ku kulipira msonkho wokwera kwa Khazar Khanate. Gawo nkhani Oleg nalimbika mphamvu chinali chiyambi cha mapangidwe mayanjano Kiev ndi Novgorod. Chaka 882 chaka mwambo imatengedwa chiyambi cha boma Russian.

"Kubwezera kwa wodzikweza Khazars"

Chinthu china chachikulu Oleg anali kuti poyamba nakantha inatembenuka kwa wankhanza - ndi Khazar Khanate, terrorizing padziko lonse. Pamene uneneri Oleg akupita "kubwezera pa wodzikweza Khazars" kumbali yake Pechenegs, ndipo kumbali ya adani - ndi Magyars, amene, onyamula zomvetsa yaikulu, anakakamizika kuthaŵa Karpaty. asilikali Russian anakhala losagonjetseka.

Ndipo chiyambi cha zonse izi zomwe zinachitika m'chaka cha 882 mgwirizano wa Kiev ndi Novgorod. Kunapezeka kuti kopindulitsa chifukwa chakuti mu Kiev mlingo wa chitukuko anali pang'ono apamwamba - pali intensively anayamba ntchito zamanja, ntchito, malonda yemweyo, komanso chikhalidwe. boma Wonse ali anakoka kuti mlingo wa likulu m'tsogolo. Latsopano chachikulu mphamvu ina dzina lake Lazaro. Oleg ndi Igor kukula kukhulupirira mu mphamvu ya ankhondo ake.

"Chishango chanu pa zipata za Constantinople"

Oleg anali nkhondo yachitatu ya kutha kwa malipiro a msonkho kwa Constantinople ndi mapeto n'kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa Mapangano boma latsopano ndi Ahelene. Malonda samapereka chindapusa zambiri wokwera. Mwina yekha chifukwa Oleg aulosi ogwirizana mu lamulo lake awiri Russian State Center - Kiev ndi Novgorod.

Komanso, Kiev anali Mungapeze Ufumu wa Byzantine, umene panthawi imeneyo unali likulu la sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, ndi apamwamba kuposa mlingo wa chitukuko cha dziko lililonse ku Ulaya. Kusaina mapangano a mtendere ndi dziko kuti anali Inde, m'manja mwa Russia. Sung AS Pushkin, kalonga wamkulu Oleg anakhomera chishango kwa makomo a Constantinople (Constantinople), mzinda ndi anagonjetsa. bwino zimenezi, iye sakanati achita, iye sanachite mgwirizano wa Kiev ndi Novgorod. Chaka cha chochitika chachikulu ichi adzakhala ndi moyo kosatha m'mbiri ya mbiri Russian. Nthawi ya mapangidwe boma wakale Russian amagwirizana ndi Oleg maina Igor, Olga ndi Svyatoslav. Kievan Lazaro pa nsonga ya pachimake wotanganidwa dera zochepa kumadzulo ndi imachokera wa Dniester Vistula makhwawa a Volga kummawa, ndi Taman Peninsula kum'mwera ndi malire chapamwamba kumpoto Dvina Mtsinje kumpoto. Chilengedwe cha chotero boma yaikulu ku Eastern Europe amalembedwa mgwirizano wa Novgorod ndi Kiev pamene Oleg.

Zovuta kuthetsa mavuto

Kumene okha adani a Kiev angakhale ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Boma latsopano anali oyambirira ang'onoang'ono mafumu, womwenso pa mutu wa akulamulira yekha, anaikira mu manja ake mphamvu zonse. Chuma wodzazidwa makamaka chifukwa msonkho umene pa anthu anagonjetsa. Kugonjera kwa mafuko oyandikana amapereka njira yothetsera mavuto angapo - utachepa anawazunza, kuchuluka revenues ku cuma, amalonda a katundu ndi ntchito-free, amene adakula mphamvu ya dziko mtheradi. Yothetsera mavuto amenewa anali pa phewa kokha boma lamphamvu, chimene chinali chiyambi cha kubadwa kwa mgwirizano wa Novgorod ndi Kiev. Date, phindu limene n'zovuta Musaone, zatenganso mbali mu mapangidwe dziko lathu. Zinali ndiye nkhondo zapachiweniweni kugwa mphamvu maukulu kakang'ono, koma boma analipo kale kale, nakhalanso ndi ogwirizana mdani ndi m'ndegemo nkhondo zonse. Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri Russia, ichi ndi maganizo ake, amene ndi mndandanda wa nzeru zake, maganizo ndi chikhalidwe. Iye anapita kwa ana a Varangian alonda Oleg, kubwera pansi kuchokera kumpoto kwa Constantinople ndi anagonjetsedwa.

kufotokoza mwa chidule

Yonseyi Kiev ndi Novgorod akhoza mwachidule anafotokoza motere. Atamwalira mu 879, Rurik mphamvu wadutsa mu manja a m'bale wake akuwasamalira ndi mwana wakhanda Igor. Voivod Oleg, kulandira impso zaka zitatu kulimbikitsa ndi kuphunzitsa dziko pambuyo womwalirayo. Ndiye, ndi ankhondo ophunzitsidwa bwino, mmene mphamvu zomwe zinali Norman ankhondo, iye analowera kum'mwera kugonjetsa dziko lapansi, makamaka onse uli pamodzi njira malonda "ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki", motero musakhale ndi amalonda ndi dziko pomvera tributes wokwera kuti mozemba katundu. Kiev, limene lili panjira, ngati Constantinople linali lofunika kwambiri vzimatelyami msonkho.