Mkulu Ages Middle: zaluso ndi chikhalidwe

Mkulu Middle Ages - imodzi mwa nthawi liwulo mu mbiri ya anthu. Mu masiku oyambirira amenewo ndi mdima wa chitukuko chamakono unakhazikitsidwa. Iwo mbisoweka maziko wakale nawonekera latsopano. N'zochititsa chidwi kuchuluka anthu. Panali mavuto chikhalidwe. Mafuko ogwirizana mitundu, amene ndiye anali kulenga dziko ano European. Medieval luso akadali mutu wa kafukufuku wa mbiri yakale.

zochitika m'mbiri

Mkulu Ages Middle anayamba ndi akupeza zikuluzikulu. Boma la dziko wakale ndi kumizidwa mu chisokonezeko, ndipo khamu la atsopano mu malo awo. M'zaka khumi anayamba kulanda dziko la Britain. Pamaso kuti iye anali kulamulidwa ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana zachikunja. Woyamba tidakocheza ku England, Normandy. Britain Local anawapatsa kukaniza oopsa. Koma zida wosazindikira sanathe kumenya zitsulo ndi chitsulo. Mu zaka zingapo iye katswiri lonse la England ndi Ireland. Ndiye agonjetsi kuponderezedwa ndi Scotland.

Kumpoto kwa Ulaya ndi kusintha kwenikweni. njira wakale wa moyo anawonongedwa ndi Scandinavia. Anthu anakhala Mkristu. maufumu Scandinavia anali ogwirizana mu boma limodzi. Iwo anayamba kukula kwa limati Baltic. Komabe, m'nthawi ya chakhumi ndi chitatu, mphamvu umodzi unagawika maukulu angapo. njira ngati zimenezi zinachitikanso ku dera la France zamakono Germany. Iwo anayamba zikamera wa achepetse kuti zaka wotsatira yoikidwa kumadzulo kwa Ulaya.

Asilavo

Mkulu Middle Ages kunapezeka kuti nyengo yabwino kwa kukula kwa Old boma Russian. Pa nthawiyo anali mmodzi wa lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Culture ndi malonda European kuposa. Izi ndi chifukwa ethnogenesis kale za Asilavo kum'mawa, amene pofika m'zaka za m'ma wachisanu, adaleka kukhala ndi njira mafuko a moyo, ndipo mogwirizana anthu Russian. Njira yomweyo zikuchitika mu Balkans. Komabe, chitukuko zachilengedwe anaima, yosawoneka mpaka ndiye, nkhondo ya mafuko chimanga chosakhwima woyendayendawu - asilikaliwa. The chifooke boma chinalepheretsa akalonga Russian kugwirizanitsa ndipo iwo onse anagwera pansi pa alimbane a magulu. Kenako, njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, zomangamanga ndi kuti akhale mmisiri anali zamedlon kwambiri.

Chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Christian

Ages High Middle anali yodziwika ndi chigonjetso wathunthu wa Chikhristu mu Europe. Ngakhale mu nthawi yoyambirira ya mayiko ambiri otchuka asamukira mmodzi. Komabe, m'nthawi khumi akale zipembedzo zonyenga anali akadali amphamvu. Mu Britain, Scandinavia ndi anthu akuchedwa kwambiri kusintha chikhulupiriro chatsopano. Linapangitsa kuti kudzipatula zigawo izi. Chosowa kugwirizana dziko kumtunda anapanga kusamuka kwa kwambiri mabvuto. Komabe, chinthu imeneyi kwathandiza kupewa nkhondo ya wongosamukasamuka, amene, chifukwa cha kusowa ake chitukuko sanathe kumanga zombo manambala chokwanira.

Nova Vera ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu chikhalidwe. Kuyambira tsopano, panali malamulo oletsa okhwima ndi makhalidwe abwino, chimene kunali koyenera kuti moyo. Kuposa chirichonse mu moyo wa azungu anakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kosamalira banja. Ndi chiyambi cha nyengo imeneyi ya m'mbiri m'mayiko ambiri (makamaka Scandinavia) anakhalabe khola ubwenzi mitala. Chikhristu Komabe, limaletsa zimenezi. Mwambo wa ukwati zachititsa kuti asinthe udindo wa akazi mu dziko. mfundo olimba wa umutu anatsimikiza mtima m'banja. Banja chomwecho, wopangidwa mwa mkazi mwamuna ndi ana, anawononga limasonyeza makolo. Akuluakulu mu mawonekedwe a mpingo kunathandiza okwera pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu.

kusintha chikhalidwe: chitukuko cha dongosolo masanjidwe

Chikhalidwe cha High Ages Middle anatsimikiza gulu la anthu mu makalasi ndi mitundu. Bwino wolemekezeka Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira olamulira, nkhondo, atsogoleri, osawuka ndi akapolo. Anthu osauka ndi osaphunzira anaonekera chikhalidwe kuzindikira ndi rethinking a ufulu. M'mayiko ambiri asintha dongosolo kulamulira. Mu England ndi Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma anali nyumba zamalamulo zawo. Mwayi kalasi ali miyambo yosiyanasiya-. Koma zimenezi zinali mu nthawi oyambirira m'mbiri. Chikhalidwe cha High Ages Middle, wakhala kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi scholastics lapansi. Ndipo izo zinali Atetezi kwa kalasi watsopano - atsogoleri.

kupenta

Mu luso chabwino koposa anayamba luso. Kuyambira tsopano bwino allocated malangizo angapo ndi njira kulemba dongosolo. Mkulu Romanesque nthawi ya Ages Middle anali yodziwika ndi chitukuko ofooka kupenta. luso limeneli anapatsidwa udindo malyarstva, mwachitsanzo mankhwala othandiza mpanda wa kachisi. Koma pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu kuti ojambula zithunzi zinasintha. France analenga Order ya amisiri. Iwo azikongoletsa yachifumu mipingo ndi murals analenga, frescoes zithunzi.

Ojambula zithunzi chiyani dongosolo luso lawo. njira zatsopano anatuluka. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo mozama ndi moyenera. Kupereka zinthu voliyumu ndi zenizeni wakhala vuto lalikulu mabwana akale. Kuti kwathunthu amaphunzira luso la kuya iwo alephera. Izi zachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha kalembedwe ochiritsira yemwe akanati kenako adzatchedwa Gothic. Painting ndi iconography pang'onopang'ono m'malo mural. Mtundu uwu wa luso n'kovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi wonyeketsa. Komanso, chilengedwe cha fresco yaing'ono chofunika chuma chapadera. Ambiri akuvomereza kudzichepetsa ndi moyo wa umphawi, madongosolo sitingakhale kutero.

chosema

Mkulu Ages Middle ku Ulaya zinali zodzaza ndi kusintha kwambiri chosema lapansi. Ngati ena mitundu luso zayambika ndi bwino, ndi chosema anali yojambula weniweni. Cholinga chachikulu chinali zithunzi za m'Baibulo. The mkulu wa ndende Osema anali m'dera la Italy ano. Anaonekera mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ano wotchuka chosema anali kuloŵedwa mwachindunji wa kalembedwe Gothic. Mu nthawi Romanesque anali mkuwa ndi mkuwa. Mwachitsanzo, khomo Cathedral Gildesgeymsky.

njira

Koyamba zinthu zatsopano kwa kusema ankagwiritsa ntchito. Mu Germany kupendanso woodcarving. Komabe, chifukwa zimatha yeniyeni nkhuni, ntchito izi luso pafupifupi sanakhale ndi moyo masiku ano. Komanso, anthu German otchuka kupanga zikuluzikulu kupambana arches. Iwo anali mu kalembedwe novelistic, koma ndi amphamvu Gothic kununkhira. M'mizinda yambiri ya Germany ano, ntchito izi luso akadali kukopa alendo.

Lingaliro la mpumulo pa sarcophagi ndi manda anaonekera yekha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma akhumi. Mu nthawi yochepa, njira processing wakhala wotchuka kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Zonse makamaka zikuchepa anamva mzimu wa chi. Lachinsinsi ndi dreamy, ndi kuzindikira za impermanence wa miyendo kukhalapo. Ndithudi, izi ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi ya High Ages Middle anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa nzeru ankaonetsetsa.

The utasintha Cultural ndi umunthu oyambirira

Nthawi oyambirira a Ages Middle amatchedwa "mdima". kuzunza kwa chipembedzo, olamulira openga, malamulo, ndi chilombo lamanzere chizindikiro lalikulu mbiri ya anthu. Koma m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu dongosolo lakale wakhala kwathunthu rethought. Yaikulu kuchuluka kwa anthu walola zikamera wa m'mizinda ikuluikulu mu dera lililonse. M'mizinda, kutchuka yaikulu anasangalala ntchito zokongoletsa panja. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi zisudzo. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za chakhumi kulambira ankachitika pantomime yaing'ono. Ndiye unali wapadera luso. The zisudzo anakhala bwanji ogula mitu, motero kusunthira kutali Gothic ndi scholasticism.

Zikuoneka mabuku oyamba pa mtengo wa moyo. Anzeruwo analola maganizo achoke kwa ankaonetsetsa predetermination aliko. kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa udindo wa kusankha anthu. Ichi chinali chiyambi woyamba wa umunthu. chikhalidwe Urban wakhala kwambiri poyera za zinthu zimenezi. Utukula za Umunthu alowa m'malo mwa kudzichepetsa ndi kumvera.

zomangamanga

Mkulu Ages Middle ku Ulaya zinali zodzaza ndi watsopano kalembedwe Gothic a zomangamanga. Pa nthawi imeneyo, likulu la kuphunzira ndi akachisi ndi matchalitchi. Ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa luso wakhala inextricably zogwirizana ndi zolinga Mulungu. Pakutha pa nyengo ya Chiroma anali anatulukira njira yatsopano ya mwala ntchito, zojambula njira, zida yomanga. Mu moyo chuma, udindo wa gawo m'tawuni. Pali masitolo ndi kena kachipembedzo kotchedwa Freemasons ammudzi. Matchalitchi European High Ages Middle ndi zizindikiro bwino za chi.

Chimwambo ndi sikelo ya zomangamanga zodabwitsa ofufuza masiku ano. Yomanga tchalitchi ukhoza kuposa zaka zana. Ndipo pafupi malo yomanga ndi wapadera chilengedwe chikhalidwe antchito communes kuti Koposa zonse moyo wawo.

Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana

A maulemu tingachipeze powerenga Gothic zomangamanga ndi kupezeka nsanja ziwiri elongated. Bell nsanja akhoza adzaikidwa mkati iwo, ndi pakati. The wapakamwa kumadzulo azigometsa. Kulowa mothandizidwa ndi mizati. Zotsatirazi chitukuko cha chimango njira anali chabe kukongoletsa amafotokozera. Classic Gothic kalembedwe imatengedwa kuti ndi French chitsanzo. Matchalitchi wa High Ages Middle ku Germany ankasiyana mwambo okhwima kufanana. Mosalakwitsa Zinaonekeratu mapulani wapakamwa.

Mu pakati pa Ulaya anali kulamulidwa ndi anthu otchedwa njerwa Gothic. Matchalitchi njerwa anali ofanana ndi zomangamanga wa chikondi nyengo. Iwo anaika mu mabwalo a m'mizinda ikuluikulu. nsanja yaikulu yozungulira anali chizindikiro. Cathedral St. Barbara ndi Mpingo St. James ndi Agiriki Mwachitsanzo Czech zomangamanga. Dutch Gothic yomanga osiyana a kachisi ndi nsanja yaitali, spire. anawasema anali opangidwa ndi matabwa, zomwe zimabweretsa novelistic ndipo ngakhale kale m'mlengalenga.

Western European chikhalidwe cha High Ages Middle

Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera Roma, chikhalidwe cha Ulaya anayamba mphamvu zake sayansi. Chitukuko cha mankhwala, Masamu, nzeru ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi zachititsa kuti kusinthika mu zigawo payekha. Control wa mpingo unali waukulu kwambiri, kotero asayansi anakakamizidwa kumvera ng'ombe Papa. Koma pa yemweyo wokonda moyo wodzimana kaonedwe anakayikira.

Anthu monga latsopano chikhalidwe ang'onoang'ono. Panali minda yaikulu ndi mkombero chatsekedwa. Land wokwatibwa ndi senor. Monga akazembe analamulira ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Wamba anali amadalira pa iwo. Iwo sanatenge gawo mu moyo zachuma ndi yosintha zochita ndale. Komabe, kupanga ubale malonda walola anthu "langwiro" kuima mu dziko osankhika. Zombo mabungwe ku France, England ndi mbali ya Spain. Ena zipani analoledwa mu zungulira alangizi achifumu.

Pomaliza

Mkulu Ages Middle mu Europe anali ndi chikhalidwe wapadera ndi moyo. Kukula kwa feudalism yaikulu maubale. Control wa mpingo unayamba kufooketsa. Ngati oyambirira High Ages Middle anali yodziwika ndi kupanda wathunthu wa chitukuko cha mayendedwe latsopano la zojambulajambula, ndi m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu panali oposa khumi ndi awiri a m'madera amenewo. Art makamaka zomangamanga ndi mphamvu zikuluzikulu kanjedza la Kubadwa Kwatsopano wotsatira. kuchuluka kwa anthu kwachititsa kuti malowedwe zikhalidwe za anthu osauka.